Philosophy Epistemology Essay

Epistemology is one of the very important branches of philosophy. It is also known as the knowledge theory. The knowledge theory consists of three questions; â€Å"What is the origin of knowledge? What is the reliability of knowledge? & What is the criteria of knowledge? † Rene Descartes and John Locke really looked into epistemology and both had different theories to approach it. John Locke looked at empiricism and Rene Descartes looked at rationalism. John Locke was an English philosopher and formed his opinion around empiricism. Empiricism is an approach to doing philosophy stressing experience as the in road to all knowledge. The human being is a blank slate to him. Locke was a moderate skeptic, who doubted until valid proof was given to substantiate truth claims of a demonstrative and sensitive nature. The foundations of knowledge functioned in the following manner according to Locke. The human being takes in the external world through sensation (the five senses) and gives form to the experiential data through the processes of reflection. To Locke, intuitive knowledge is the most trustworthy because we automatically recognize the agreement or disagreement of ideas without the intervention of a â€Å"proof†. His criterion of knowledge depended on the force and intensity with which someone perceives either agreement or disagreement between ideas. So for example, we know that 2+3=5. We also know that 2+3 does not equal 7. Locke, unlike Descartes, argues against innate ideas. However, Locke believes that we are all born with the ability to acquire knowledge through the organization of sensate data by the cognitive capacities and capabilities we possess at birth, which are innate to the human. Descartes had a different view of epistemology. He argued for rationalism. Rationalism is an approach to philosophy that employs â€Å"pure reason† to acquire instances of fundamental truth. In Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes comes up with three fundamental truths by way of pure reason. The first fundamental truth is â€Å"I think, therefore I exist. † This fundamental truth establishes for Descartes the â€Å"essence† of the human being in his philosophy, as the â€Å"thing that thinks. † He is reflecting on himself as the â€Å"object of deception† and reasons that despite being deceived, as long as he can think about it, he exists. Having a clear perception of the fundamental truths can guarantee they can be trusted with absolute certainty and cannot ever be false. The three fundamental truths (self, god, & mathematics) are examples of innate knowledge, or truths that all humans are born with given to by God. Descartes says we can discover these truths through the Meditations, by way of doing philosophy, but we do not pursue these in the same manner we pursue other forms of knowledge such as science. The dream argument is aimed at the external world. It says that â€Å"I often have perceptions very much like the ones I have while I’m dreaming. There are no definite signs to distinguish dream experience from wake experience, so it is possible that I am dreaming right now and all my perceptions are false. † In my opinion, I think that John Locke’s position on empiricism is more philosophically sound to me. Just to re-cap, empiricism is an approach to doing philosophy stressing experience as the in road to all knowledge. The human being as a blank slate really makes sense to me. We automatically know that we can agree or disagree without having to have proof to go along with it. I think that sense experience is always the starting point to knowledge. I think in order to learn something in life you have to experience it first. You can’t just go out and expect the knowledge to be in your brain for no reason. For example, how would you know what the color blue looks like if you were born blind? You would need to use your senses to try and understand what the color is. God couldn’t just put it in your mind because it’s something that you just need to see. Also, you can learn from the experiences you go through. If you do something and it ends up being wrong, then you learn from that experience and how you can go about it differently next time. In my opinion, rationalism has some defects that would make it harder to understand philosophically. A rationalist comes to believe that knowledge is a lot like math. So pretty much, it is knowledge that comes before experience. Something that you already know, but have never experienced before. I think that is a bit problematic because how can you know something that you never experienced? Epistemology plays a big role in philosophy as does John Locke and Rene Descartes. They both have great views on epistemology looking at rationalism and empiricism. When thinking about rationalism, we know that knowledge can be acquired through reason alone and that we don’t need experience. But when thinking about empiricism, we know that we learn through our experiences as a person. Justifying truth as a philosopher, I would agree more with Locke’s view on empiricism. I believe that everything happens for a reason, and that you need experience to learn, and to grow as a person.

Pest Analisis for Any Fast Food Resturent

Advance Professional Diploma in â€Å"Strategic Hospitality Management† Assessment: Labour market strategy; 1) Define labour Market: Labour markets exist on two levels; factual and perceptual. At any one time, people will be seeking employment or trying to change their jobs. Simultaneously, employers will be seeking new employees. Wage rates will be set, recruitment policies implemented, people will need training, people will have to move. This is the daily life of labour market. (Smith, A. 1976 ). ) List three labour market factors: a) Skills Shortages b) age c) overseas staffing. 3) a) Skills shortages :With the rapidly changing nature of the workforce and labour market, including skills shortage and the raised expectations of working people, job design now has to consider a wider range of factors than merely designing the task and work content of jobs. Job designers, i. e. most managers, will need to focus more than before on the conditions of work rather than just the job content.Such issues will include more flexible working hours, providing support for women returners, more autonomy, etc. in addition to eliminating menial tasks requiring scarce skills. Other dimensions include the need to ensure that forms of discrimination are not created or perpetuated, intentionally or unintentionally, through job design. (Michael J. Biella, Steven G Turner 2005 b) Age: Both the young and old sometimes feel that they do not get the respect they deserve.They need to know what is going in the department and how well they are doing their jobs, just like anyone else. Make them feel like part of the team. Young workers want to do work they consider worthwhile and have fun doing it. They want their supervisors to listen to them, to let them participate in decision making. Not surprisingly, they do not want supervisors to bark orders military-style. They like to have time and money invested into their training and development. Do not have higher expectations of older a dults than of their peers, and don’t patronize them. Pest Analisis for Any Fast Food Resturent Advance Professional Diploma in â€Å"Strategic Hospitality Management† Assessment: Labour market strategy; 1) Define labour Market: Labour markets exist on two levels; factual and perceptual. At any one time, people will be seeking employment or trying to change their jobs. Simultaneously, employers will be seeking new employees. Wage rates will be set, recruitment policies implemented, people will need training, people will have to move. This is the daily life of labour market. (Smith, A. 1976 ). ) List three labour market factors: a) Skills Shortages b) age c) overseas staffing. 3) a) Skills shortages :With the rapidly changing nature of the workforce and labour market, including skills shortage and the raised expectations of working people, job design now has to consider a wider range of factors than merely designing the task and work content of jobs. Job designers, i. e. most managers, will need to focus more than before on the conditions of work rather than just the job content.Such issues will include more flexible working hours, providing support for women returners, more autonomy, etc. in addition to eliminating menial tasks requiring scarce skills. Other dimensions include the need to ensure that forms of discrimination are not created or perpetuated, intentionally or unintentionally, through job design. (Michael J. Biella, Steven G Turner 2005 b) Age: Both the young and old sometimes feel that they do not get the respect they deserve.They need to know what is going in the department and how well they are doing their jobs, just like anyone else. Make them feel like part of the team. Young workers want to do work they consider worthwhile and have fun doing it. They want their supervisors to listen to them, to let them participate in decision making. Not surprisingly, they do not want supervisors to bark orders military-style. They like to have time and money invested into their training and development. Do not have higher expectations of older a dults than of their peers, and don’t patronize them.

Booker T. Washington Up From Salvery

Booker T. Washington is from slavery booker T. Washington, a famous autobiography. You think you are having a childhood you will never forget. Good booker T. Washington. Between 1858 and 1864, Mr. Washington used the majority of his childhood as a slave; he, his mother, his brother John, and his sister Amanda. Because Mr. Washington and his family are slaves, they do not have one of the best houses in the plantation. In fact, on the jagged side, there is no bed, fireplace, even the floor, and the house is a little more, and the cabin is more than just a cabin, but the plantation kitchen. Booker T. Washington Booker T. Washington was born on April 5, 1865. He was born slavery at the James Barlow family farm in Virginia. No one knows Father of Booker T. Washington except that he is Caucasian. After the civil war, Brown Washington worked in a salt furnace and went to school in three months a year. At the age of 17, he was admitted to the Hamptons Institute in Virginia. - Booker T. Washi ngton Booker T. Washington is a wonderful leader. He helps the black community get stronger. His goal is hard to come by thinking about his life. America in the Washington period is under reconstruction. According to the law, blacks are the same as anyone else. Slavery has been abolished and many southern people have this problem. Booker T. Washington is from slavery booker T. Washington, a famous autobiography. You think you are having a childhood you will never forget. Good booker T. Washington. Between 1858 and 1864, Mr. Washington used the majority of his childhood as a slave; he, his mother, his brother John, and his sister Amanda. Because Mr. Washington and his family are slaves, they do not have one of the best houses in the plantation. - Booker T. Washington has a big impact on the black community. The effort to make this person such a great leader is incredible. Booker T. Washington is from zero. He is a black slave and has little life choice. He was born in Virginia in 185 6. He has a white father and a black mother. After the liberation declaration, he went to work at the coal mine, but he was still a child. This rising from slavery is a 9 year old slave named Booker T. Washington living in a plantation in Virginia. Booker T. Washington will describe his childhood as a slave and the hard work he made to receive education. Booker T. Washington shared the details of the change he experienced from the student to the teacher. He also outlined the experience as an educator and how he supported the opening and opening of the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. Booker T. explains when Tuskegee started working in a small hut until now in a new building. In the last chapter, I will explain Booker T's speakers and civil rights activists. Booker T. mentioned the Atlanta cotton domestic and international exposition in 1895. He finished talking and his work received some recognition, including an honors degree from Harvard University.

Internship report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Internship report - Essay Example Moreover, I leant that creation business relationship is an initial step for success and that the relationships need frequent evaluations. This was part of my job at Al-Ain Company. In addition to the responsibilities stated above. I was tasked to arrange meetings between the company and customers. This was aimed at creating good rapport and understanding between the company and potential partners. The company, Al-Ain is an Engineering and Contracting firm started in 1993 in Iraq. It started as Wady Al Ain Bureau after having some successful contracts in engineering and construction. Wady AL-Ain was certified as an engineering and contracting firm by the Planning Ministry of Iraq. Since inception, the company has been in action operations in Iraq and is responsible for many facilities and constructions in the country. Wady Al Ain has a clean reputation as a reliable contactor who can offer the terms of the contract beyond expectations. The company specializes in construction works, software engineering, network solution, telecommunication equipment and other technology solutions. The ability of the firm to deliver high quality solution has enabled it to earn partnerships with other firms in the industry and also from other related industries. Such firms include MÃ ¼hlbauer group and UTSCH AG (Wady Al-Ain n.d). In world where technology controls virtually everything, every company or organization needs up to date solutions. As an experienced company, Al-Ain seeks to enhance access to technology by businesses and government agencies. Its numerous services such as telecommunication enhances effective and quick communication through installation of satellite dishes, SIM cards, micro SIM cards and also bank cards to secure transactions. This has made the company an indispensable part of engineering and technology sector in Iraq. Other developments of the company include high security documents such as identity document and also data

Language and Power 2.2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Language and Power 2.2 - Essay Example As such, the following analysis will seek to provide an overview and understanding of how educators, as well as fellow stakeholders, can develop effective responses to issues of language in power. It is the hope of this particular author that such a level of discussion will be beneficial; not only in providing a broader level of identification and understanding of the subject matter of module two – but also in terms of effectively understanding the many nuanced impacts that language has upon the life of the individual student and stakeholder within society. Similarly, a specific focus will also be placed upon pedagogical responses to my: such as critical literacy, critical pedagogy, critical multiculturalism, and other aspects that are oftentimes included in core curricula around the globe. In terms of critical pedagogy and critical multiculturalism, Alastair Pennycook indicates that one of the major issues facing educators within the current era has to do with the interpretation of teaching ESL students; or more specifically (Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL). Within his article, entitled â€Å"Critical Moments in TESOL Praxicum†, Pennycook indicates there is a certain stigma that is attached to teaching these students; a stigma that most directly relates to an understanding that TESOL education is a type of grunt work – something that no other educator wants. As can directly be seen, the implication of this has for critical pedagogy and critical multiculturalism is one in which these students are oftentimes understood or viewed in terms of the â€Å"untouchables† (Pennycook, 2004). Whereas it is oftentimes not the race, gender, or culture of the ESL student that encourages certain educators to make this assessment, the impac t of lack of desire, lack of passion, or lack of interest in

Musical Rent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Musical Rent - Essay Example Most of these artists and musicians spent most of their time living in Lower East Side of New York City during the period of Bohemian Alphabet City. All this things were happening under the looming shadow of AIDS. This paper provides a review of musical rental, including an argument about its relevancy to the contemporary world. The musical rent describes the life of young adults who chose to live in Bohemian lifestyle. This appealing song has been performed under a series of stage designers, performers and directors (Larson & Ed 56). Despite of the numerous productions under different directors, the play has been appealing to the audience for a very long time. This play addresses several types of social issues such as sexual problems, alcohol and drugs among the young adults. The theme of the play is not presented in the form of a fiction but it is realistic, and the characters discuss the social issues in the play. Most of the young adults in the play have adapted the Bohemian life style, but they still thrive in poverty (Larson & Ed 56). Most audiences’ hearts are touched by the struggle and love stories of different young couples in the play. The School of Theater, Dance and Performance Studies, this year performed this play, and it was an remarkable job. The director of the play might have considered several factors about how the play will be performed.

Reflective journal on management skills Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Reflective journal on management skills - Article Example fortunately the lead counselor personally requested that I hand the report directly to her instead of to the office manager and she was very disappointed when she read it. She conducted her own investigations and discovered that the entire report was my own work alone and that I had not involved the other staff in the creation of it. I felt so ashamed of my work that I avoided her for the next week. I was the topic of discussion in the office with all the other staff members talking about me and the report. The lead counselor forced me to repeat the entire project and report to her each day. I was also to bring her the recommendations of every person I interviewed and she would go and confirm these recommendations personally. I learnt a lesson that next time I would be given an opportunity like that, I would do my best. I will adhere strictly to what I need to do and make sure that I follow the instructions precisely. I am sure that if I follow the instructions to the letter, I will perform better. This is because whatever result I will produce will be compliant with the instructions and I will avoid a situation where I bring reports that are from my imagination. I ought to cultivate a sense of responsibility, which will help me respect my work. I have to respect my work and see it as an important responsibility that I must complete well. This will help me be an organized and responsible individual and will transform me into an asset for whatever organization I work with. This lesson ought to help me adapt and become a proper professional for my own good and the good of my professional

Sense and Sensibility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sense and Sensibility - Essay Example Taking up the theme of hypocrisy we can see how women in that century were generally side-lined even by their own flesh and blood as demonstrated by Henry Dashwood when he turns over his entire estate to his son knowing fully well that his wife and daughters would be left destitute and commiserating with them on their fate. John Dashwood, too turns out to be a bigger hypocrite for after having shamefully neglected his sisters, he comes to seek Elinor’s sympathy and says, â€Å"†¦..for otherwise we both wished very much to have invited you and Marianne to be with us, while your kind friend there was attending her daughter. And now to be so rewarded! I wish, with all my heart, says poor Fanny, in her affectionate way, that we had asked your sisters instead of them." (Austen, 228) And has the gall to wait to be thanked, which the cordial Elinor does. Lucy acts disgracefully and lays open her hypocritical nature when she claims that she had asked Edward to end their engageme nt as it would not be a very happy one (after Edward had been disinherited) and that Edward had refused when in fact, it was Lucy who had refused to end the engagement earlier. Both John and Lucy are epitomes of hypocrisy because they profess to be concerned about others’ welfare or are effusive in their praise for someone while all the time they are plotting how to take advantage of them. Lucy is a person who cannot restrain herself from her selfishnessâ€Å"†¦.. and secretly resolved to avail herself, at Delaford, as for as she possibly could, of his servants, his carriage, his cows, and his poultry." (Austen, 253) even towards someone who had been of such help to her. The characters in Austen’s novel are generally very aware of the importance of money and though people like Elinor take it in the right spirit (not underestimating or

Journal entry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Journal entry - Essay Example The habit is then transferred to classrooms in the writing of assignments and essays. This has lowered the quality of written work teenagers produce. The problem is getting severe by the day such that college admission officers are getting concerned that the habit is getting out of hand. They are reporting increased cases of below par admission essays. (Eble 65) notes that slang is ever changing, and the speakers seek to establish a form of social identity within the group. The other reported problem has been the use of slang words. Words are gradually being replaced by simpler, shorter versions. While this problem is common among teenagers and the younger generation, the habit is catching up with adults. It is now a common occurrence to hear people say ‘yeah in place of ‘yes. People have a hard time differentiating between casual and official language. The effects of this communication mishap are being seen where people are failing in job interviews due to the use of what is deemed as casual language. Those who encounter such scenarios learn the negative impact of the use of slang in the harshest of ways. They fail to adjust their language according to the situation at hand. While many insist that the slang has had a negative impact of English language, there are those who disagree. They argue that English; just like any other language is not static. They are of the opinion that languages are dynamic and as such, the language is a collection of words from different languages, (Hogg 111) For instance, English is a collection of words from Greek and Latin, which have been reinvented and assimilated over time. The invention of fast mode of transport has enhanced globalization where people travel far and wide thus further promoting cultural interaction. As people travel for business, education or tourism purposes, they are bound to assimilate some words

A Poets response to place is rarely purely descriptive Essay Example for Free

A Poets response to place is rarely purely descriptive Essay In this essay I will write about whether I agree with the statement above, or not. I will base my conclusion upon a detailed examination of two poems. I will look at the ideas and techniques poets use, language and imagery etc. I agree with the above statement, I feel nothing is purely descriptive, for example when someone says That house looks deep-rooted and daunting the quote is descriptive as well as being someones personal opinion. To one person it may look daunting but to another the house may look safe and restful. Whenever someone describes something, it always includes an opinion, so nothing can ever be purely descriptive. I will back up my opinion by looking at the two poems: London -William Blake (1757-1827) Dover Beach -Matthew Arnold (1823-1888) London is a poem about William Blakes interpretation of the dark side of London, he talks about how everyone is suffering, and how everyone is looking for freedom, no one has a future. Dover Beach is a poem about a beach in England, Matthew Arnold is describing what he feels is wrong with the world, and the reasons for the problems we have. London A poem of social protest, against the suffering of all who live in a world such as this. Written in 1789 (during the British industrial revolution). Not a poem of observed factual detail but Blakes perception of London, he uses the traditional form of alternate rhyming lines to imitate the repetitive predictability of the circle of suffering. London shows that: if the institution and structure of a place is corrupt then the people can never have a chance for innocence. In his poem Blake describes to the reader how there are legal restrictions on the roads, Charterd street. Also how the river Thames is governed Charterd Thames The quotation shows that even a river which should seem free, is owned , restricted. When Blake describes the restrictions, he is also enlightening the reader about the state of the residents of London, mind forgd manacles this quotation shows the depression and imprisoning of people, in their own mind. People are searching for liberty. People in London are abandoning the church because there lives are going so wrong Every Blackning Church appalls. The word plagues really gives us the impact of the place he was walking through, its a very pungent word. In this Poem, Blake uses disconnected stanzas, almost to describe the place where he is , nothing is stable, including peoples life. The rhythm of the poem is monotonous, there is not one positive image or feeling. There is also assonance to reinforce what he is saying. In this Poem, Blake starts to describe London, but as soon as he does, he describes the way people live and how they drastically lack liberty. Dover Beach is a melancholic poem. Matthew Arnold uses the means of pathetic fallacy, when he projects the human feeling of sadness onto an inanimate object like the sea. A repetition of neithernor in stanza 4 underlines a series of denials: . . . neither joy, nor love, nor light/ Nor certitude, nor peace, nor help for pain; (l. 33-34). All these are basic human values. If none of these do truly exist, this raises the question of what remains. With these lines, Arnold draws a nihilistic view of the world he is living in. Throughout the poem, the sea is used as an image and a metaphor. At first, it is beautiful to look at in the moonlight (ll.1-8), then it begins to make hostile sounds (grating roar (l. 9); tremulous cadence (l.13)) that suggest a general feeling of sadness. In the third stanza, the sea is turned into a metaphoric Sea of Faith (l.21) a symbol for a time when religion could still be experienced without the doubts brought about by progress and science (Darwinism). Now, the Sea of Faith and also the certainty of religion withdraws itself from the human grasp and leaves only darkness behind. Matthew Arnold, not only describes Dover beach, he describes he thoughts on the world, and why things are the way they are. To conclude with both the poems I have looked at, have reinforced the statement: A Poets response to place is rarely purely descriptive I have shown by using London and Dover beach that a poet always does so much more than simply describe a place, the poets own thoughts and feelings shine through. The reader gets taken deep down into the poem ,and finds out why the poet feels the way he/she does. Each poem is an insight to the way poets feel about places. Neither poems just describes a place, therefore I empathize with the above statement.

Musical Form And Structure

Musical Form And Structure What is the difference between music and noise? In a personal point of view, one important difference is that music makes sense. It has its own structure, basic patterns and it shows how composers made the pieces by their logic as well as their elaborate management. Therefore I would say, a piece without any structure and form can be only called noise instead of music. To research the structures and forms of a piece, we have to know what the structure is as well as what the form is, when I was studying in schools, I thought the structure is the different themes and how they were connected to each other; the form would be sonata form, ternary or something like minuet. After getting deeper into some Twentieth Century composers and their music, I realized it is not as simple as that. Firstly, the structure in music means the complex composition of musical knowledge or experiments as elements and their combinations. And the form in music means the shape and the figure throughout the whole work. I consider that in music, structure and form are both extremely important somehow we can analyze structure by a macro view and seek form by a micro view. Children who study in music schools learn some early period formal music structures and forms such as analyzing pieces by Bach and Beethoven We all knew about many basic forms in music since childhood. But in the modern world, music gets mystic and complicated. For some audiences, it is impossible to realize any structure in contemporary music such as John Cages piece: 433. They think the piece was just composed like a blank paper. Structure and form seems never existed in this music. I have to say, people whom consider contemporary music does not have structure or form just do not understand the music itself at all. Everything has a reason to be there, such as composers have their own notions of creating music. To prove this view, and to show the forms and structures in John Cages 433, I will analyze this piece below. 1. Introduction John Cage has made a huge experiment on this composition 433 to the world. Unfortunately the first performance of this piece was like a scandal. It was written in 1952, his so-called piece in silence. Performers basically go on to the stage and play nothing for exactly four minutes and thirty-three seconds. At the premiere some listeners did not even realize they had heard anything at all. Obviously audiences were angry and felt being deceived after the concert. The premiere was performed by the young pianist David Tudor at Woodstock, New York, on August 29, 1952.1 433 was written for any instrument or any instruments combination. NOTE: The title of this work is the total length in minutes and seconds of its performance. At Woodstock, N.Y., August 29, 1952, the title was 433 and the three parts were 33, 240, and 120. It was performed by David Tudor, pianist, who indicated the beginnings of parts by closing, the endings by opening, and the keyboard lid. However, the work may be performed by (any) instrumentalist or combination of instrumentalists and last any length of time.2 FOR IRWIN KREMEN JOHN CAGE _________________________ 1 J.Cage, Silence: Lectures and Writings (USA, 1961), 102. 2 J.Cage, A year from Monday: new lectures and writings (USA, 1985), 77. From the statement above, we can already see some basic structures in this piece: it is divided in three parts, and the lengths of them were 33, 240 and 120. (There are two ways of dividing this music, which I have mentioned below) 2. Materials John Cage has used a few materials, or elements to compose 433. Through this piece, Tacet (As the image of the score shows) is one of the materials. However, another material which people always ignore is the division of tacets. Image of John Cages writing of this piece Base on the score, Cage used division twice to make three tacets in the whole piece. And these two divisions and three tacets formed this composition logically, thus:  ¼Ã‹â€ I ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °TacetDivision ¼Ã‹â€ II ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °TacetDivision ¼Ã‹â€ III ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °Tacet 3. Analyze Cage has clearly shown the tacet in this piece. But about the division, we can analyze it in different ways. If we think mathematically, use tacets and divisions to build a function: If division is independent variable x, the musical form is dependent variable y, then based on the function mode y=f(x), we can get this: Form = Tacets (Divisions) Now we calculate this mode, we get two different results: 1. Tacet-Division-Tacet-Division-Tacet If we make Division bigger and bigger, then it becomes the part of the piece, (as important as tacets), therefore we can get this musical form: A-B-A-B-A 2. Tacet-(Division)-Tacet-(Division)-Tacet If we make Division smaller and smaller, until it has but only has the ability of dividing Tacets, then we can get this musical form: A1-A2-A3 Those two forms we all have studied in early schools, so I am not going to talk about them further here. As we can see from this image statement, John Cage has given some freedom in this piece to the performers The performance in Woodstock gave the timings 33, 240, and 120, but the original print program says that the timings were 30, 223, and 140. Also as I mentioned above, this silent piece could be played by any single instrument or any combination of instruments. It is a freedom piece But that does not mean this piece has no form however it divides, we can still find the forms. People may ask, although the piece has a form such as A-B-A-B-A or A1-A2-A3, it still does not have a very convictive structure. How did John Cage make three movements out of this piece and how did he determine the length for each of them? These three parts seem unlikely balanced and managed. Well, in that case, Cage has pointed to this particular Tarot card formation when shown a number of possible configurations: This is one of the most complicated configurations and is organized in three parts of concentric horseshoes. Each horseshoe has represented one movement, with these cards which bearing a length that could have been plus to the duration of each movement. The point above seems to be able to answer a lot of questions about the structure of this silent piece. It illustrates how the movements were built up by those little silent cards, also how the composer can know when a movement finishes, why he made this piece into three parts. Somehow these questions seem to have a greater effect on what we hear. However, we can suppose that he used these cards for his composition and it shows the decision of three movements. When people asked about the differences in time lengths of the scores, Cage said that it could be of any length. This does not mean that the formal structure of this piece could be violated at all. He said that it would still be titled 433, also the durations of the movements mu st be determined by some type of chance procedure, and it must be in three movements. 3 This piece seems to be very difficult for performers after seen this Tarot Cards formation. Because it becomes so easy to make mistakes and miss the beats. But Cage said that this is not the point. The point is about the feeling it creates, both the performers and audiences are dispensable. What the piece needs is a devoted and interesting listener. However, those methods which Cage used for 433 have offered the audiences a huge freedom area. The point, the meaning of this piece has changed. Normally we try the best to do what composer says on the score, now we do what we feel and define our own potentials. The structure that Cage used was mathematical for composer as well as humanized for performers and listeners. Although this piece has no harmony and melody lines, it still has a strong meaning. The spirit of Cage, like what Alex Ross said about this piece in his book The music was the sound of the surrounding space. It was at once a head-spinning philosophical statement and a Zen- like ritual of contemplation 4 To conclude, structure in music is the sense which composer has given; form in music is the shape and the propriety which composer wants to represent. In the premiere of 433, audiences were angry and negative, but after understood the inner sense and getting deeper into the purpose of Composer, people loved it. When you could not find the structure or the form in any particular piece, it does not mean that they were not existed. As I have said, everything has a reason to be there, such as composers have their own notions of creating music. The real music only appears after researching and understanding. ______________________________ 3 J.Cage, Silence: Lectures and Writings (USA, 1961), 109 4 R.Alex, The Rest is Noise, listening to the Twentieth Century (USA, 2007), 401 Selected bibliography: Books: -J.Cage, Silence: Lectures and Writings (1961, USA) -R.Alex, The Rest is Noise, listening to the Twentieth Century (2007, USA), 401 -P.Yates, Twentieth Century Music (1967, London) -J.Cage, A year from Monday: new lectures and writings (1985, USA), 77. -P.Marjorie, J.Charles, John Cage: composed in America (1994, USA), 193 Articles: -L.Eleni, Learning from Masters of Music Creativity: Shaping Compositional Experiences in Music Education, Philosophy of Music Education Review, 15.2 (2007), 93-117 -C.Hong, John Cage with his silence piece, Zhong Hua Music Review, 17.2 (2003), 78-92 Websites -S.David, Unreconstructed Modernist, the Atlantic online (Accessed September 1995), http://www.theatlantic.com/issues/95sep/boulez.htm

Gender Roles in Macbeth Essay -- GCSE Coursework Macbeth Essays

Gender Roles in Macbeth  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although written long ago, Shakespeare’s The Tragedy of Macbeth still has themes relevant for contemporary society.   Murderous ambition, political intrigue, crafty social alliances, the disintegration of marriage – these could be headlines from any daily news program.   It comes as no surprise, then, that we also find a significant number of moments in the play where gender seems to be an issue. More specifically, we might say that Shakespeare's dramatic investigation into proper uses of power consists, in part, of a rigorous critique of the disparities between the respective roles assigned to men and women. Shakespeare seems especially interested in the moral and ethical implications of such discrepancies. In the interest of space and time, I will focus here on only a few brief moments from act one. However, I encourage you to note the further development of these points as the drama unfolds in subsequent scenes. In the very first scene of Macbeth we learn what Duncan and his people value in masculine identity. When the sergeant staggers in to report what he has seen of Macbeth in battle, we are given an image of a thane who is steeped in gore: For brave Macbeth (well he deserves that name), Disdaining Fortune, with his brandish'd steel, Which smok'd with bloody execution, Like Valour's minion carv'd out his passage, Till he fac'd the slave; Which ne'er shook hands, nor bade farewell to him, Till he unseam'd him from the nave to th'chops, And fix'd his head upon our battlements. (1.2.16-23) The king's response to this account is especially telling: "O valiant cousin, worthy gentleman!" (1.2.16-24) demonstrates as much appreciation for the manner in which Macbeth overcame h... ...41). By play's end, we are confronted with her madness, the result of an excruciating tension between her identity as a woman and the desire to accommodate a misconceived and fatally monstrous masculinity. Although I do not intend here to resolve the question of gender in Macbeth (actually, I hope to provoke further thoughts on interpretation), I do wish to note that Shakespeare has forcefully bound the cultural problem of violence to the promulgation and validation of the roles a community assigns by sex. Read the play; attend a performance; consider the moral and ethical implications bound up in the plot of a would-be king who sheds true manhood even as he fulfills the masculine ideal. Works Cited: Shakespeare, William. Macbeth. Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. Ed. X.J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia. 7th ed. New York: Longman, 1999.

The Effects of Domestic Violence on Children Essay -- Violence Against

How does domestic violence between parents and parental figures affect the children who witness it? This is a question often asked by Sociologists and Psychologists alike. There have been studies that prove that children who witness domestic inter-parental violence experience mental health problems, issues with gender roles, substance abuse, the committing of crimes and suicide/suicide attempts later in their lives. This paper will explore all five of these 'effects' of domestic violence on children and show that there is evidence of a clear relationship in which increasing parental violence is associated with increasing outcome risks (Fergusson & Horwood, 1998, p.8). When a child witnesses domestic abuse it can have many different effects on the child. From my research I found that one of the most common effects on the child were mental health problems. In one study, conducted in New Zealand, young people that reported high levels of exposure to inter-parental violence had elevated rates of mental health problems (Fergusson & Horwood, 1998, p.1). Some of the least severe mental health problems included anxiety, inability to focus, and nightmares (Brescoll & Graham-Bermann, 2000, p.2). But these problems, which appear to be less severe, can also be the symptoms of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (Brescoll & Graham-Bermann, 2000, p.2). In a study conducted in 2001 the results indicated that higher levels of symptoms indicative of post traumatic stress were associated with children who have witnessed domestic violence (Hill & Nabors & Reynolds & Wallace & Weist, 2001, p.1). ?Children who have witnessed domestic violence are more likely to develop sy mptoms associated with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder; that is, high levels of an... ... The Journal of the American Medical Association, 286, Retrieved February 10, 2002, from Expanded Academic ASAP database. Brescoll, V., & Graham, S.A. (2000). Gender Power and Violence: Assessing the Family Stereotypes of the Children of Batters. Journal of Family Psychology, 14, 600- 612. Retrieved February 13, 2002, from PsycARTICLES database. Fergusson, D.M., & Horwood, L.J. (1998). Exposure to Interparental Violence in Childhood and Psychosocial Adjustment in Young Adulthood. Child Abuse & Neglect, 22, 339-357. Retrieved February 17, 2002, from Science Direct database. Hill, T.F., & Nabors, L.A., & Reynolds, M.W., & Wallace, J., & Weist, M.D. (2001). The Relationship between Gender, Depression, and Self-Esteem in Children who have Witnesses Domestic Violence. Child Abuse & Neglect, 25, 1201-1206. Retrieved February 12, 2002, from Science Direct.

Video Game Player Dynamics Essay -- Video Gaming Psychology

In the article â€Å"The Individual and the Group in Console Gaming† the authors identify several facets of group dynamics in the gaming environment. Most notably is the way in which players can compete while collaborating, and collaborate while competing. Ultimately there are three types of play identified: Competitive: the goals of each player is directly in contradiction to the goals of other players. The goal of the game is to defeat the other opponents in some way. It is important to note that this does not necessarily mean that the players are directly affecting each other, they may be attempting to navigate a challenge the computer represents in a better manor than the other players, with the victor being identified by a score or some kind of timer. Cooperative: the goals of each player is not necessarily contradictory to the goals of other players. In cooperative games the players may find it beneficial to aid each other, but their goals are ultimately distinct. At times collaboration will help one player more than another, and they may turn on each other at a given time. These types of games can transform into competitive at key moments, most often when the score is shown. Collaborative: this is a newer dynamic that is appearing more and more often in gaming. In collaborative type play the goals of all players is completely aligned and the outcomes rely on the group as a whole. There is no benefit to striking out on ones own while your erstwhile allies fail, the outcome being that the entire group loses. This type of play often requires the most collaboration amongst the group and stratagems that require everyone to succeed, at times with the support of the rest of the group. These dynamic... ...oercion, control: cs*w or how policy mediates mass participation Proceedings of the 2007 international ACM SIGGROUP conference on Supporting group work (GROUP'07) 167-176. Kittur, Suh, Pendleton and Chi (2007) He says, she says: conflict and coordination in Wikipedia Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems (CHI'07) 453-462. Konstan, Miller, Maltz, Herlocker, Gordon and Riedl (1997) GroupLens: Applying Collaborative Filtering to Usenet News. Communications of the ACM, 40 (3). 77-87. Vieweg, Hughes, Starbird and Palen (2010) Microblogging during two natural hazards events: what twitter may contribute to situational awareness Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems (CHI'10) 1079-1088. Angier (2002) Why We're So Nice: We're Wired to Cooperate. The New York Times, July 23, 2002.

Handle information in health and social care setting Essay

Outcome 1 Understand the need for secure handling of information in health and social care Identify the legislation that relates to the recording, storage and sharing of information in health and social care The Data Protection Act 1998 covers anything relating to a person, medical records, social service records, credit information, local authority information. There are eight enforceable principles: Personal data shall be processed fairly and lawfully Adequate, relevant and not excessive Accurate Not kept for longer than necessary Process in accordance with the data subject rights Not transferred to countries without adequate protection The Data protection Act also allows people to see information recorded about them through the Freedom of Information Act 2000, therefore people are allowed to see their social care files, this is important to know when entering information in people’s notes. The ICO Information Commissioner’s Office is responsible for upholding information rights in the public interest. Explain why it is important to have secure systems for recording and storing information in a health and social care setting Information on Care homes and in house information is valuable and critical to the business of the home. This information must be stored and processed therefore it is essential that Information Security is maintained. The purpose of information security is to preserve: Confidentiality data is only access by those with the right to see them. Integrity information can be relied upon to be accurate and process correctly. Availability information can be accessed when needed. Insecure information can lead to violation of an individual’s human civil  rights that may results in neglect/or physical, sexual, emotional or financial harm. Manual system of recording information has to secure so they are usually kept in a locked cabinet and may be in a secure room. Outcome 2 Know how to access support for handling information Describe how to access guidance, information and advice about handling information The first place to look for guidance and advice is the supervisor with regards to information in the work place. If you require information about a person, then that person’s care plan would be ideal. Information about legislation to ensure that you are complying with the law, them the Information Commissioner’s Office is the place to contact. Explain what actions to be taken when there are concerns over the recording, storing or sharing of information If there is a concern relating to people’s records, the concern should be directed to the manager who is in the position to deal with the concern. For taking a concern further that has not being resolved, the concern needs to be : Put in writing Be clear about dates, times and the exact nature of the concern Identify the steps that have already been taken and the response Involve trade union or professional organisation for support The steps for resolving concerns: Discuss with line manager Record the concerns and take it to a more senior manager Take it to director or chief executive Take it to the inspectorate You are protected from unfair dismissal by an employer through the Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998 if your concern relates to the employer. Outcome 3 Be able to handle information in accordance with agreed ways of working Keep records that are up to date, complete, accurate and legible Records should provide objective, accurate, current, comprehensive and concise information concerning the condition and care of the client. The records kept should reflect an accurate and up to date picture of somebody’s situation. Records are kept to: Provide a full assessment of the client’s  needs Provide record of any problems and the actions taken Provide evidence of care required Provide a baseline record against which improvement or deterioration may be judged Records should le after be made as soon as possible after the event providing current information on the care and condition of the person. Follow agreed ways of working for: Recording information Good recording of information supports good practice in a number of ways. Supports effective partnership with users and carers, provides documented evidence and account of the department involvement with an individual, support risk assessment and risk management plans. The principles for recording:- Service users and carers are helped to understand the purpose and contents of their case record and are invited to contribute to it. Case records will be kept in accordance with Department of health guidance and legal requirements. Storing information A care plan contains valuable information about a person in care and this information has to be stored. All documents are stored according to legal, organisational and ethical standards. Some information can be stored and displayed openly, i.e. menus can be stored in a kitchen. Documents, such as care plans, medication sheets, and employee files need to be stored in locked cupboards in locked rooms to deny access to those who have no right to the information. Sharing information  the home has a general duty in common law to safeguard the sensitive information they hold of individual’s. The home should have a clear policy on the Data Protection Act which staff should adhere to. It is important that staff should pay particular attention to ensuring consent to share information is clearly recorded on file. Where it has been necessary to  share information without consent then the justification should be recorded and authorised by the line manager. There are different reasons for sharing personal information without consent:- Court or tribunal orders A person’s best interest Risk to health Police request Public interest Protection to others Partner agencies providing support. It is important that you know the policies of the care organisation with regards to confidentiality and the disclosure of information in your workplace. The basic rule is that all information is confidential and cannot be shared with anyone without the consent of the person.

Chapter 4 questions Essay

1. How do relative ethics compare to universal ethical standards? Should ethics ever be relative? Provide a rationale for your response. Ethics are a set of beliefs about right and wrong, good and bad. Universal ethical standards are norms that apply to all people across a broad spectrum. These six core values being trustworthiness, respect, responsibility, fairness, caring, and citizenship. Ethics should never be relative because their ethical standards shift depending on the situation and how it relates to them. This kind of two-face thinking is dangerous because it can help people rationalize bigger and bigger ethical deviations. 2. What is an ethical dilemma? Give 3 examples of ethical dilemmas that workers or managers might face in a business setting. An ethical dilemma is a decision that involves a conflict of values; every potential course of action has some significant negative consequences. Some examples of ethical dilemmas could be: Noticing an employee stealing from the company, Employees bending the rules of the company, or a supervisor demanding that you do something illegal. 3. Compare the role of the individual and the role of the organization in ethical decision making. How can business promote an ethical climate? As an individual you will have factors that come into play as you face ethical dilemmas. Your personal needs, your family, your culture, your religion, and your personality traits like self-esteem, self-confidence, independence, and sense of humor all play a significant role. As an organization the CEOs, and managers must communicate their personal commitment to high ethical standards and consistently drive the message down to employees through their actions. Business can promote an ethical climate by setting the best example for the employees. Communication will help promote an ethical climate, as well as enforcing consequences for violations of the ethics policy. 4. When might the need for social responsibility conflict with the need to maximize profits? When the needs conflict, how should a firm decide which  path to pursue? Social responsibility is the obligation of a business to contribute to society. A company’s goal is to make profits and without company profits other contributions are impossible. A company can choose to make no contribution, a responsive contribution, or a proactive contribution depending on the businesses values, mission, resources, management philosophy, and ultimately its position on social responsibility. 5. Do you believe that employers should respond to employee needs for work-life balance? Why or why not? What are the trade-offs? Yes, employers should respond to employee needs for work life balance. It creates a workplace environment that respects the dignity and value of each employee. It ensures that hard work, commitment, and talent pay off. It moves beyond minimal safety requirements to establish proactive protections. The best employees respond to the ongoing employee search for balance between work and personal life. The employees will work harder for the company and keep longer term jobs. People will appreciate the extra mile the company goes for its employees, giving you more highly qualified applicants to choose from. 6. What are the 4 consumer rights originally outlined by President Kennedy in the early 1960s? How would you rank those rights in terms of importance? Why? The four consumer rights are: The right to be safe, the right to be informed, the right to choose, and the right to be heard. I rank these in importance as follows: 1- The right to be safe (I don’t want to be hurt or lose my life due to faulty products.) 2- The right to choose (I want to be able to choose where and when I purchase products to best suit the needs of my family.) 3- The right to be informed (It is important to me that I know the companies I deal with are legit and ethical, as well as what goes into the products I buy.) 4- The right to be heard (I think it is important to be able to express your complaints to a company and that they learn from customer experiences.) 7. Define the concept of planned obsolescence. Is this strategy ethically unsound? Why or Why not? Planned obsolescence is the strategy of deliberately designing products to fail in order to shorten the time between purchases. This strategy is ethically unsound because it thins the consumer wallets and abuses consumers trust. Consumers are willing to pay more to buy products from a socially responsible company. 8. What is the difference between corporate philanthropy and corporate responsibility to The community? Which do you think is better? Why? Corporate philanthropy is all the donations a business has made to nonprofit groups including money, products, and employee time. As where corporate responsibility is business contributions to the community through the actions of the business itself rather than donations of money and time. I think corporate responsibility is better because the company is taking action itself to contribute to the community, rather than just throwing money at the problem. It shows more heart, and more effort, and more dedication to the community. 9. Define sustainable development. What are 3 examples of successful companies that have pursued sustainable development programs? Sustainable development is doing business to meet the needs of the current generation, without harming the ability of future generations to meet their needs. McDonalds (recycling cooking oil and cardboard), Dell (going fully carbon neutral), and Pepsi (cutting emissions from fertilizer) are three examples of successful companies that have pursued sustainable development programs. 10. How can domestic companies that outsource manufacturing to foreign factories ensure that their vendors adhere to ethical standards? Companies can bring together their own values with the laws of both the United States, and their host countries. Most socially responsible companies establish codes of conduct for their vendors setting clear policies for human rights, wages, safety, and environmental impact. Codes of conduct work best with monitoring, enforcement, and the commitment to finding solutions that work for all parties involved.

Nursing Theory

Question 1 A). Describe in your own words what you believe nursing is? -Nursing is responsible to look after sick and injured people . It is a duty of care to assess, planned ,help what their needs to keep them healthy ,comfortable and happy. A nurse must have ability to ensure their knowledge , skills ,and experience and confident to ensure their profession. B). Provide an overview of each Nursing Theory. -Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory (Orem) Dorothy Orem’s self care deficit theory, general theory of nursing is one of the host widely used model in nursing today. In 1914,Orem was born in Baltimore ,Maryland. She received her nursing diploma in the early 1930’s from Providence Hospital School of Nursing ,Washington D. C. In addition to earning a BSN Ed. (1939) and MSN Ed. (1945), She has received three honorary doctorates and an Alumni Achievement Award For Nursing Theory in 1980 from Catholic University of America. (Hartweg,1995). In 1978, Orem (citied in Faucett, 2005) connected that the task required in dentification of the domain and boundaries of nursing as a science and an art . After reflecting upon her own nursing experience, Orem says then answer . come to her as a flash of in sight an understanding that the reason why individuals could benefit from anything was the existence of self care limitations. -Interpersonal relations Model (Peplau) In 1952 Hildegard Peplau made an attempt to analyse nursing action using an interpersonal Page1 Theoretical framework. Her theory focuses on the relationship formed by people as they progress through each development stage. She viewed the goal of nursing as developing a relationship between the nurse and client whereby the nurse acts as resource person, counselor, teacher and surrogate. -Complementary-Supplementary model (Henderson) In 1964 Virginia Henderson described the goal of nursing as helping the client to gain independence as rapidly as possible and defined nursing as assisting the individual sick or well ,in the performance of those activities contributing to health, is recovery promoting quality of life or to a peaceful death that the client would perform unaided if he or she had the necessary strength, will or knowledge. Henderson identified 14 basic needs that provide a framework for nursing care. These are breathe normally, eat and drink adequately, eliminate by all avenues of elimination, move and maintain a desirable position, sleep and rest, select suitable clothing, dress, and undress, maintain body temperature within normal range, keep the clean and well groomed, avoid dangers in the environment, communicate with others, workship according to faith, work at something that provides a sense of accomplishment, play or participate in various forms of recreation, learn, discover or satisfy the curiosity that leads to normal development and health. hrough each development stage. She viewed the goal of nursing as developing a relationship between Nursing theory The patient in this case has a condition that puts him at risk for illness and injury. uk/nursing-scientific-management-and-frederick-taylor/">A nursing theory is a conceptualization of some aspects of nursing communicated for the purpose of describing, explaining, predicting and or prescribing nursing care (Jacqueline, 2001). Imogene king’s theory focuses more specifically on the events and the phenomena of the discipline and is specific enough to contribute on a sound basis for achieving an effective behavioral outcome in this case study. Applications of these theories in practice depend on the awareness, understanding and research on their interrelationships (Patricia A Potter, 2005). The American Nurses Association (ANA) is a full-service professional organization representing the nation's entire registered nurse population. The ANA represents the interests of the nation's 2.7 million registered nurses through its 54 constituent state and territorial associations and over 150,000 members. It is dedicated to ensuring that an adequate supply of highly skilled and well-educated nurses is available in USA. ANA is also committed to meeting the needs of nurses as well as health care consumers (http://www.nursingworld.org). Imogene King (Jacqueline, 2001) formulated a goal attainment theory which focuses on three dynamic interacting systems namely, personal, interpersonal and social systems.   According to this theory, a personal relationship occurs between the client and the nurse, and this nurse-client relationship is the vehicle for the delivery of nursing care, which is defined as a dynamic interpersonal process (Jacqueline, 2001).   This theory emphasizes on the fact that the nurse and the client are affected by each other’s behavior and it is duty of the nurse to maintain this interpersonal process. King's Goal Attainment Theory involves a process where the nurse and the patient mutually communicate information, establish goals, and take action to obtain the common goals. This theory is about the interpersonal process where two people, usually strangers come together in a health care organization to obtain their health goals. This goal attainment theory is based on personal and interpersonal systems, which includes interaction, communication, transaction, role, stress, growth and development, time and space. Goal attainment in this model is achieved through a goal-oriented nursing record, which is composed of five major elements namely, a database, a problem list, a goal list, a plan and progress notes. Active participation of the client in the process of goal setting and goal achievement are the major strengths of this model. This model framework is useful for nurses in social interactions with clients. This theory is based on the principle that each individual (client) brings to an interaction a different set of values, ideas, attitudes, perceptions to exchange  and the other person (nurse) receives this information and processes it. Thus, these two individuals mutually identify goals and the means to achieve them. In this interaction process they reach an agreement about how to attain these goals and then set about to realize them (Jacqueline, 2001). According to King’s theory, Patient participation with the elements of communication, expression, interaction with the nurse is the most important factor, which keeps alive the interpersonal process of personal relationship. This brings the nurse and the patient to a common goal and both of them strive to achieve this common goal. This is supported by the strategies, the nurse record of the outcomes and the statistical analysis of the data. CONCLUSION Thus today Nursing is a profession rather than a vocation. Nursing as a profession accounts for its conscientious, knowledgeable and responsible actions.   The profession has extended education avenues, a body of knowledge leading to defined skills, an ability to provide specific service, professional autonomy to make decisions governed by a code of ethics (Patricia A Potter, 2005). The theoretical models have served as frameworks for nursing curriculum and practice by increasing the scientific basis of nursing practice and in USA, ANA has been continuing its efforts to expand the scientific and research base for nursing practice, for the collective bargaining rights and workplace advocacy for all nurses, to gain better compensation and better working conditions for nurses, and to implement new ways in which nursing services can be delivered to respond to current and future demands for cost-effective, quality health care ( http://www.nursingworld.org ).It Strives to shape the future of healthcare through excellence in nursing education using education, science and technology to improve health. REFERENCE Jacqueline, â€Å"The Nurse Theorists-21st century updates†, Nursing science quarterly, Volume 14, 4; 311, 2001. Patricia A Potter, Anne Griffin Perry, Fundamentals of Nursing, 6th edition, Mosby, 2005. Ruth L.E. Murray, Marjorie Baier, ‘King's conceptual framework applied to a transitional living program’, Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, Vol. 32, 1996. http://www.nursingworld.org/about/mission.htm Nursing Theory Question 1 A). Describe in your own words what you believe nursing is? -Nursing is responsible to look after sick and injured people . It is a duty of care to assess, planned ,help what their needs to keep them healthy ,comfortable and happy. A nurse must have ability to ensure their knowledge , skills ,and experience and confident to ensure their profession. B). Provide an overview of each Nursing Theory. -Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory (Orem) Dorothy Orem’s self care deficit theory, general theory of nursing is one of the host widely used model in nursing today. In 1914,Orem was born in Baltimore ,Maryland. She received her nursing diploma in the early 1930’s from Providence Hospital School of Nursing ,Washington D. C. In addition to earning a BSN Ed. (1939) and MSN Ed. (1945), She has received three honorary doctorates and an Alumni Achievement Award For Nursing Theory in 1980 from Catholic University of America. (Hartweg,1995). In 1978, Orem (citied in Faucett, 2005) connected that the task required in dentification of the domain and boundaries of nursing as a science and an art . After reflecting upon her own nursing experience, Orem says then answer . come to her as a flash of in sight an understanding that the reason why individuals could benefit from anything was the existence of self care limitations. -Interpersonal relations Model (Peplau) In 1952 Hildegard Peplau made an attempt to analyse nursing action using an interpersonal Page1 Theoretical framework. Her theory focuses on the relationship formed by people as they progress through each development stage. She viewed the goal of nursing as developing a relationship between the nurse and client whereby the nurse acts as resource person, counselor, teacher and surrogate. -Complementary-Supplementary model (Henderson) In 1964 Virginia Henderson described the goal of nursing as helping the client to gain independence as rapidly as possible and defined nursing as assisting the individual sick or well ,in the performance of those activities contributing to health, is recovery promoting quality of life or to a peaceful death that the client would perform unaided if he or she had the necessary strength, will or knowledge. Henderson identified 14 basic needs that provide a framework for nursing care. These are breathe normally, eat and drink adequately, eliminate by all avenues of elimination, move and maintain a desirable position, sleep and rest, select suitable clothing, dress, and undress, maintain body temperature within normal range, keep the clean and well groomed, avoid dangers in the environment, communicate with others, workship according to faith, work at something that provides a sense of accomplishment, play or participate in various forms of recreation, learn, discover or satisfy the curiosity that leads to normal development and health. hrough each development stage. She viewed the goal of nursing as developing a relationship between Nursing Theory Question 1 A). Describe in your own words what you believe nursing is? -Nursing is responsible to look after sick and injured people . It is a duty of care to assess, planned ,help what their needs to keep them healthy ,comfortable and happy. A nurse must have ability to ensure their knowledge , skills ,and experience and confident to ensure their profession. B). Provide an overview of each Nursing Theory. -Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory (Orem) Dorothy Orem’s self care deficit theory, general theory of nursing is one of the host widely used model in nursing today. In 1914,Orem was born in Baltimore ,Maryland. She received her nursing diploma in the early 1930’s from Providence Hospital School of Nursing ,Washington D. C. In addition to earning a BSN Ed. (1939) and MSN Ed. (1945), She has received three honorary doctorates and an Alumni Achievement Award For Nursing Theory in 1980 from Catholic University of America. (Hartweg,1995). In 1978, Orem (citied in Faucett, 2005) connected that the task required in dentification of the domain and boundaries of nursing as a science and an art . After reflecting upon her own nursing experience, Orem says then answer . come to her as a flash of in sight an understanding that the reason why individuals could benefit from anything was the existence of self care limitations. -Interpersonal relations Model (Peplau) In 1952 Hildegard Peplau made an attempt to analyse nursing action using an interpersonal Page1 Theoretical framework. Her theory focuses on the relationship formed by people as they progress through each development stage. She viewed the goal of nursing as developing a relationship between the nurse and client whereby the nurse acts as resource person, counselor, teacher and surrogate. -Complementary-Supplementary model (Henderson) In 1964 Virginia Henderson described the goal of nursing as helping the client to gain independence as rapidly as possible and defined nursing as assisting the individual sick or well ,in the performance of those activities contributing to health, is recovery promoting quality of life or to a peaceful death that the client would perform unaided if he or she had the necessary strength, will or knowledge. Henderson identified 14 basic needs that provide a framework for nursing care. These are breathe normally, eat and drink adequately, eliminate by all avenues of elimination, move and maintain a desirable position, sleep and rest, select suitable clothing, dress, and undress, maintain body temperature within normal range, keep the clean and well groomed, avoid dangers in the environment, communicate with others, workship according to faith, work at something that provides a sense of accomplishment, play or participate in various forms of recreation, learn, discover or satisfy the curiosity that leads to normal development and health. hrough each development stage. She viewed the goal of nursing as developing a relationship between

David Reimer Psychology Paper Essay

In the summer of 1965 at a hospital in Winnipeg, Canada. Janet Reimer gave birth to identical twins, Bruce and Brian. The two twin boys were born healthy, but at the age of six months both twin boys had difficulty urinating. At that time the doctors recommended that Bruce and Brian undergo circumcision in order to solve the problem. Unfortunately for Bruce the medical team used an unconventional technique of cauterization involving an electric burning device called electrocautery needle instead of a standard scalpel. During this operation Bruce’s penis was destroyed. The Reimer family was devastated with the mutilation of Bruce’s penis. During the following months they searched for answers through numerous medical specialist, but there was no hope, they assumed Bruce was going to live the rest of his life lacking the male genital organ. The parents then visited John Money, a Johns Hopkins University Psychologists. Dr. Money was a pioneer in the field of sexual developme nt at the time. He then suggested to the Reimer’s that they could turn their baby son into a baby girl. Dr. Money developed a theory on nature vs. nature and how these twin forces affect whether we think of ourselves as a girl or a boy. He thought that genes are important but as far as gender is concerned the baby is essentially neutral in the first two years of life. Schillo (2011) stated that â€Å"He promoted the theory that a child’s gender identity was determined by environmental variables such as the social conditions in which the child is raised. This idea is a form of the â€Å"nurture theory† of development. A competing view is the so-called â€Å"nature theory†; that is, the idea that a person’s innate qualities are determined solely by biological mechanisms.† Dr. Money fundamentally advocated the view that a feminine identity could be developed by rearing a child as a girl. Money saw this as a perfect experiment. He failed to tell the Janet and Ron Reimer that the true intentions of him convincing them to do a gender change was to prove that nurture, not nature, determined gender identity. Therefore for his own selfish gain he decided to use Bruce and Brian; two twin boys (one believing they were a girl) raised by the same people and treated in the exact same way. This allowed him to use them for his private case study to experiment on Bruce while using Brian as control. At the age of 21 months Bruce underwent surgery for castration.  Bruce was now Brenda, and Janet and Ron Reimer were told to raise her as a female. Money gave strict orders that it was forbidden to tell anyone including the twins that Bruce was a girl. They proceeded to raise her as a girl and not tell her or anyone else about her medical history. The Reimer’s accepted their child as a daughter and continued to give Brenda the hormonal supplements. In spite of their efforts at the age of 7 Brenda began to act in a masculine way. She rejected all types of toys, dolls, dresses. She started to mimic her father’s actions as opposed to her mothers. She felt more and more like a boy physicall y and mentally, and she wasn’t the only one who felt that way. Her twin brother Brian stated that â€Å"The only difference between him and Brenda was that she had longer hair†. She continued rejecting the fact that she was a female. Eventually she wanted to stand up while urinating and she had no intention in accepting a feminine identity. When Brenda was 14 years old, she continued rejecting the feminine identity that was forced upon her. She also tried multiple suicide attempts and her parents had no other decision but to tell her the truth. She immediately decided to become a boy again therefore she cut her hair and named herself David. David wanted to recapture the masculinity. So he agreed to undergo a double mastectomy to remove breast that were caused by estrogen, and a series of surgeries to get his male gentiles back. He also received injections of testosterone to restore all of his masculine body features. David continued being a teenage boy and he was accepted and had friends and even engaged in young women. Eventually he even got married and had children. He seemed to be in a good place in his life. In 1997 David decided to go public with his story and Dr. Money would get immense criticism from the scientific community for the impeccable lies he has told. Unfortunately David had suffered from severe depression. In 2002 Brian (David’s twin brother) overdosed on drugs to treat for his schizophrenia. It looks like Dr. Money’s therapy sessions scarred him for life as well. Especially because of the fact that at a young age he was being photographed naked and even Dr. Money acted in a pedophile way and had the twins involved in sexual activities. Two Years later after Brian overdosed, David committed suicide and the reason will forever be unknown if it was the result of John Money’s experiment â€Å"The John/Joan Case Study†. In my opinion I believe that this topic is important because this was a major study that was falsely  stated as a success in which happene d to be a complete failure. It also proves that whatever gender you were born with is you. You may be able to change that physically to a certain extent but you cannot change you gender completely, you have the feelings, and traits as your se (Schillo, 2011) (Hausman, 2001) (Kate, 2012)x gender would have. This case study was completely unethical. The Reimer’s were unaware of the experiment that was going on therefore they were deceived by John Money. The Reimer’s honestly thought that a sex change was the only option for Bruce instead it was a set up. Although on Money’s behalf they were perfect for the experiment. Although Bruce was a baby he never gave his consent to have a sex change or be involved in Dr. Money’s experiment. This is something that Bruce should have been a part of. The constant decisions of others affected his life. As a psychologist he should have been ethical and respected the rules of ethics and perhaps found other ways of conducting his research rather than doing something that was completely illegal. This didn’t just ruin the lives of this whole family but it ultimately lead to the death of the twins Bruce (David) and Brian. This had to be the most unethical study in history. I would investigate this issue by using someone who was born as a hermaphrodite and studying their gender roles. Although the findings from the gender roles are biologically innate, with nature overruling nurture. Works Cited Hausman, B. (2001). EBSCOHOST. Retrieved from Bellevue College: http://web.a.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.bellevuecollege.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=b1aa844a-8347-4385-a6c5-4ca7e48e8bd0%40sessionmgr4002&vid=12&hid=4109 Kate, S. (2012, April 28). David Reimer. Retrieved from Samantha Kate Psychology: http://samanthakatepsychology.wordpress.com/2012/04/28/david-reimer-possibly-the-most-unethical-study-in-psychological-history/ Schillo, K. (2011, November 16). Nature vs Nurture. Retrieved from Science Cases: http://sciencecases.lib.buffalo.edu/cs/files/gender_reassignment.pdf

International Business research paper written in the JOURNAL STYLE Essay

International Business research paper written in the JOURNAL STYLE ARTICLE - Essay Example Indeed it dominates the market with its very affordable Haute Courte fashions for the girls and women on the move. It sells an average of 30 pairs of knickers a minute, 6,000 pairs of jeans a day and 35,000 pairs of shoes every week. â€Å"Topshop attracts women from their teens to the 40s searching for a weekly fashion idea†. (Topshop Website). While basically aiming at the female section, it also fashion lines for men as well as babies. It’s co-branding with Kate Moss, the famous Model earlier this year was a calculated move to give it a fresh thrust to move into the lucrative American and European markets, and it has since never looked back. It has 309 exclusive stores in the UK and numerous famous retailers across US and Europe offer it space at their outlets for a varied and extensive exposure. Indeed the first week’s sales at the UK outlets of the Kate Moss collection exceeded  £ 3 million, were beyond expectations and are going strong ever since. (Fashion United News). Celebrity names do have a positive impact on sales and profit figures and those especially from the world of fashion and entertainment, after sports, are engaged regularly by consumer product manufacturers and retailers. (Sarah Modlock). Consumers have favoured products sponsored or endorsed by celebrities and this is particularly true for apparel and accessories as people have a penchant to look good and thereby feel good. Introducing and aligning with Kate Moss by Topshop was a brilliant move and has paid handsomely. It is expected to improve the sagging bottom-line of the company and will be a grand success. Topshop is owned by Arcadia Group, which also owns British Home Stores, Miss Selfridges, Burtons, Dorothy Perkins and others, and the financial results for the group at the end September 2007 are as follows. It had a total sale of  £ 1.8 billion with profits of  £ 293.3

Planning Function of Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Planning Function of Management - Essay Example Introduction Before going to evaluate the planning function of an oilfield company, let us get a better understanding of what planning actually is. Planning is one of the core functions of management. â€Å"Planning involves selecting company goals and department objectives, then finding ways of implementing them† (Hahn, 2011). Proper planning by the managers provides a number of benefits to their organizations, such as, avoidance of confusions, reduction of risks, improved production services, completion of tasks within deadlines, and correct use of all available resources. Let us discuss planning function of management in some detail in order to know the role that it plays in the success of a company 2. Name of the Selected Company The company whose planning function we are going to evaluate is Schlumberger, which is an oilfield company. Employing over 110,000 employees from different parts of the world, Schlumberger is the world’s biggest oilfield services providing company. Schlumberger is a provider of different products and services to the energy sector of different countries. Some of the core business operations of this company include managing geological data, locating hydrocarbons, construction of the wells, drilling, and managing lifecycle of the reservoirs. 3. Planning Function For the managers at Schlumberger, planning holds great importance in all processes of management. â€Å"At this stage, the company is given an objective† (Spindler, 2008). Planning means to recognize organizational goals and to develop proper strategies to meet those goals. Planning not only includes setting goals for the future but also includes development of tactics and strategies to meet those goals. Wijesinghe (2010) states, â€Å"Planning requires administration to assess; where the company is presently set, and where it would be in the upcoming†. Managers at Schlumberger firmly believe that they cannot achieve desired goals without doing prop er planning based on the analysis of facts and figures. Moreover, they also develop separate plans for different business operations. The reason is that every operation has a different set of requirements, so different type of planning needs to be done in the beginning of any specific operation to complete the operation successfully. Rothbauer-Wanish (2009) states, â€Å"Planning may take time in the beginning, but it saves time and reduces difficulties that may occur in the future†. 3.1 Types of Planning For proper planning, managers consider many factors, such as, availability of resources, assessment of organizational environment, future trends of the oil and gas industry, assessment of industrial demands, and proper use of capital. At Schlumberger, managers need to do different types of planning to. Some of those types of planning include marketing planning, construction planning, production planning, and project planning. Marketing planning means to develop appropriate s trategies for the marketing of the company’s products and services. For marketing planning, Schlumberger’s managers consider 4Ps of the marketing mix to develop a proper marketing plan. For construction planning, managers consider different aspects of a project to develop a plan for that project. Some of the major aspects, which managers consider, include site of the project, needs of the client firm, geological survey, and feasibility of the project. Production managers also do proper planning to enhance production services, such as, pipeline process services, well intervention

Cause and Effect Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cause and Effect - Essay Example In middle- and upper-class families, parents often encourage their children to be successful; indeed, many parents become too involved in their teenagers’ lives, pushing them to overachieve and not allowing them to live or accomplish life on their own. This not only causes stress in these teenagers’ lives, but it also causes them to often feel like they are falling short of their parents’ expectations. They begin to feel that they are not good enough, which leads to the teenager feeling depressed. When the teenager is unsuccessful in making their parents happy, they tend to take it out on themselves, often by telling themselves that they are worthless or helpless. Another way in which parents can cause depression in their teenagers is if they are going through a divorce, or are otherwise constantly fighting with one another, which puts undue stress on the younger members of their family. In many cases, especially after a divorce, teenagers feel as though they are at fault for the actions of their parents. Unfortunately, in many cases, these fears are not put to rest. During the teenage years, people are concerned with how others view them, which effects the way they view themselves. Pressure is put upon teenagers to act a certain way, aim for certain goals, look a specific way, et cetera.

Human resource Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Human resource - Essay Example This report highlights the perils of using the appraisal as a control device. Managers, in today’s organisations, require the need to ensure employees are focused on meeting corporate goals and attaining goals related to their individual job roles. Policy is generally the tool of choice to ensure compliance, created to act as a guideline for improving or managing employee behaviour. Managerial controls are best managed through in-house policy creation and should never include the performance appraisal as a means to guarantee compliance. In progressive organisations, the performance appraisal is created as a tool to monitor employee job function, unique contribution, and assess the overall learning capabilities of employees. Abraham Maslow, a famous 20th century psychologist, created the Hierarchy of Needs which describes employee motivations in order to help them become a more well-rounded employee. This model describes basic human needs to include security, belonging and self-esteem as needs that must be fulfilled in order to become high-performing business contributors. â€Å"The satisfaction of the need for esteem produces feelings of self-confidence, prestige, power and control. Individuals feel useful when they feel they have some sort of effect on their environment† (Gambrel & Cianci, 2003, p.144). Self-esteem development is paramount for today’s human resource managers, as it is the determinant of how employees view themselves and their role within the organisation. It is because of these needs that the performance appraisal has been developed, helping employees to uncover their many talents and give them a tool for feedback as a means to improve self-esteem. Employees, at the most basic needs level, need reinforcement to give them guidance about their performance, their peer or manager relationships, and to help them understand which weaknesses require change or improvement. The appraisal acts as a feedback mechanism that provides

Sexual Assault of Children and Youth and Other Sexual Offenses Essay

Sexual Assault of Children and Youth and Other Sexual Offenses - Essay Example Sexual assault is not common only in women. Today, wives, children, grandmothers, mothers, and even boys and men face sexual assault. The belief is that co-workers, classmates, neighbors, or a stranger would commit a sexual assault, but it is also possible that a family member or friend, or relative to sexually assault someone. "Sexual assault of children is a crime that our society abhors in the abstract, but tolerates in reality" (Burgess and Groth 15). Incest is one of the forms of sexual assault of children. Incest is when there is sexual activity between close relatives, which is illegal or taboo in the society. Sexual abuse of children can include trickery, sexual contact by force, bribery where there is a difference in age, power, size, or knowledge. Sexual abuse in a particular child could be once or multiple incident over a long period of time. It is found that abuse is usually committed by a person who knows the child. The abuse committed on a child can increase over time, especially if the abuser is a part of the family or a close relative. Prostitution, exhibitionism, and pornography are some ways in which children are abused other than the sexual assaults mentioned above. When people think of a child molester, they imagine an ugly old man taking children away by giving them some candy. No one pictures their neighbor, mom, dad, or uncle. This misconception has been dismissed. A child molester can come from all walks of life and all social and economic groups. They can be rich, poor, male, female, religious or non-religious, from any race or culture. Children can be molested by strangers or people they don't know and by people they know, like friends, relatives, or caregivers. Though majority of the people found guilty of sexual offence to children are men, women also molest children. Child molesters can be divided into two groups based on their behavioral patterns. A small percentage of child molesters who have a life long attraction to children, these people do not get attracted to adults. Majority of child molesters have adult partners and do not have an exclusive attraction towards children, also, they do not molest children multiple times. Sometim es an adult molests a child of the same sex, however, they need not be homosexual. Though it is believed that child molestation occurs when children are picked up from the street and molested forcibly, in the majority of child molestation cases, adults seduce children through delicate persuasion and intimidation and are usually known to the child. Child molesters who do not know their victims use methods like force, tricks, or bribery, or pretend to be friendly, to attract their victim. A child molester has many different characteristics. The child molester is usually married, prefers the company of children than adults, are often homosexuals and sometime bisexuals as well, they often wish to work for programs involving children, feel the want to have an emotional relationship with children, sometimes collect photographs of their victims and also collect child-adult pornography and child erotica, may be alcoholic, or a drug addict, may offer to take children out for walks or picnics, and many more such traits are examples of characteristics of child molesters. There are various definitions of the term pedophilia or paedophillia found in law enforcement, the

Strategic Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Strategic Analysis - Research Paper Example Strategic Analysis It is best known for its Office software and Windows. It also develops and produces consumer electronics like game system and tablets. It is easily accessible thus making people hear, see and use technology. The company aims at enabling businesses and people worldwide to realize their full potential, a mission that they have succeeded in realizing. Nearly all businesses and individuals use their products. There are committed to their customers as they strive to design technology that is easily accessible to everybody. It is one of the industry leaders in building safe and easy to use products. Facebook, Inc., on the other hand, is an internet company that operates the social networking website Facebook. It is world’s largest social networking website with more than one billion active monthly users. It aims at making the world more connected and open, a mission that it has realized due to the rising number of Facebook users. It has offered people the power to share information. The CPM analysis shows that Microsoft is the leading player in the industry. It has relative strengths in market share, product quality, product design and price competitive. On the other hand, Google Inc. prevails in innovative culture and product quality. Oracle Corporations is the weakest of them all. It does not have any relative strength against the rivals in the industry. The companies, therefore, need to create strategies in accordance with their strengths and weakness and enhance their ratings in the most crucial areas of the industry.

Foreign Trade and Exchange - International Business Essay

Foreign Trade and Exchange - International Business - Essay Example The international foreign trade and exchange has developed to constitute free trade policies, guided by reduction of tariffs and quotas in trade and exchange transactions (Justin 425). In other words, the contribution and evolution of the concepts of Mercantilism, Adam Smith, and Ricardo among others have shaped international business today. Apple, Inc. is primary competitive firm globally. It enjoys an absolute advantage in creating product quality and pricing policies that capture the interests of the market in both domestic and global contexts. This follows the idea that Apple manufactures its products at a competitive low production cost relative to rival firms in the industry. Apple’s comparative advantage emanates from its collaboration with other firms like Google in offering its products and services. In other words, Apple understands that it cannot be self-sufficient in business, thus collaborating with other firms in business terms. Comparative advantage in this regard is more important due to the complementarity it provides, through trade and exchange as opposed to being at an advantage that is based on operational costs off trade and exchange in the market (Justin

Salem Witch Trials (US HISTORY) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Salem Witch Trials (US HISTORY) - Research Paper Example 17th century North America was characterized by beliefs in supernatural powers. People believed that supernatural beings played a role in everyday life. There was also strong believes that Satan was active on earth. The concept of supernatural beings emerged from Europe and quickly spread to North America during the period of colonization. It was believed that peasants practiced witchcraft by invoking charms for agriculture and farming. The principles of white magic moved to dark magic. This was associated with evil spirits and demons. Witchcraft persecutions became a common event in Massachusetts because people associated witchcraft with the devil. Most women and men in Salem believed that the misfortunes experienced in the society were related to the work of Satan and his agents on earth (Fradin and Dennis 51). The agents were believed to be witches and were accused of overseeing occurrences such as the death of an infant, crop failure and disasters. King James II placed Sir Edmund Andros as the governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony after the Royal Charter was vacated in 1684. In 1689, the new governor was overthrown following a revolution called the Glorious Revolution. The revolution ousted King James II and replaced him with a protestant ruler. The new ruler lacked the constitutional power or authority to rule. After the king was overthrown, disputes emerged between the colonial settlers in North America. The tensions led to a war in which a number of English settlers were repeatedly attacked (Goss 18). The war forced the settlers to leave their settlements and seek refuge in Essex County. Later, a charter for a bigger Province in Massachusetts was given. In the absence of a valid charter to rule the colony, the colonialists and their administrators did not have a legitimate government that could handle capital cases. Massachusetts had a village called Salem Village that was known for internal disputes. The

Thinking Styles and Decision Making Essay Example for Free

Thinking Styles and Decision Making Essay Levels of thinking differed from one person to another. Each thinking style is influenced by our mainstream society, how we think and develop perception on the material things happening in the surroundings. There are a lot of thinking styles that came into being since the time of old ancestors to the recent modern developers of our age. There are twenty six thinking styles that was developed but we will concentrate our discussion on the three sub-divided types namely the Sensory focus, People focus, and Task focus. Other thinking styles are used in psychological workshops and research such as analyst thinking style, realist thinking style, idealist, synthesist, pragmatist and spiritually-guided thinking style (An Introduction to Thinking Styles,).   In 1995, original concept for the thinking styles was formulated by Fiona Beddoes-Jones to enhance professional and personal development (Thinking Styles,).   Thinking styles can help in dealing with different types of problems in the workplace, academe, family and relationships. The Three Different Thinking Styles   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Before we proceed it is necessary to define the three levels of thinking styles. Sensory Focus examines things by receiving information through the senses and used the senses to perceive actual events. It is manifested in the visual, auditory, kinaesthetic and digital thinking. Watching, observing and looking pictures, diagrams, and visual imagery are the simple ways of expressing visual thinking while auditory requires the use of words and language, listening and conversing things. Kinaesthetic thinking is expressed through feelings, intuition, emotions, and physical movement and exercise as digital thinking entails the use of data, facts and statistics and the degree of data rationality. On the other hand, People Focus is how people perceived to relate with other people on their direct environment. It is focused on different levels of thinking such as internal and external thinking, self-referenced, altruistic, conforming, challenging, collaborative and competitive thinking. Internal thinking depends on own judgments and decisions and only consider self-knowledge as right and disregards feedback from other people. Some other people tend to dislike their own ideas and are not confident to explore many possible views and usually rely on other people or groups of people to give feedback on certain issues and problems. These people are external thinkers. Moreover, self referenced thinking is an approach of putting their own needs first and disregards the needs of others. In contrast, altruistic thinking involves responding to the needs of others and is willing to extend their help to other people. Conforming thinkers tends to keep away from confrontations and will certainly take a non-challenging methods, in contrast to challenging thinkers who definitely wanted to take confrontations, debates and experiments. Competitive thinkers would like to aspire for competitions and wants to gain victory from their own performance. Persons who wanted duties defined and detailed-oriented are Task Focus thinkers. They are conscious of the details especially in workplace where information is being transmitted through detailed facts and information. The Task Focus thinkers are strategic, creative, logical, options, procedural, towards, troubleshooting, proactive, reactive, simplicity, complexity, sameness, and different thinkers (Ltd., 2005). These thinking styles are distinct from each other but may sometimes closely connected together. Different patterns of these styles are being used as understanding and communicating with other people in surviving the daily response to work and life system. The amount of understanding different types of problems requires thinking styles that may influence critical thinking process. Such mentioned types of styles are good considerations in problem solving and decision making process. Sensory thinking style can help improve relationship with other people in the workplace, school, organizations, friends, and even families. Non-verbal communication somehow helps in understanding different personalities and the way you can approach them when facing a contradiction. Senses can transmit information and analyze things just by looking, observing, listening, feeling, intuitions, and physical movements. By looking at a critical situation using this kind of style, one can already define and identify the drawbacks. Most persons who don’t want confrontations tends to choose sensory focus in delivering and receiving information towards a given situation or crisis within a workplace. While others opted to choose interaction and personal touch to listen and confront problems this is somehow difficult in relating to contradictions with other people. However, it is very effective in most groups of people who are open-minded and problems can be solved instantaneously. Alternatively, task focus is a better way of coping up things since it is focused on goals and targets, detailed information, possibilities and alternatives in solving problems. These type of styles are distinct to each other and generally have an effect on critical thinking process and can possibly help the outcome of the decision making process. The positive upshot makes life more constructive by knowing which style you are most confident and at ease or difficult to cope up with in acknowledging, appreciating, expressing or solving things and difficulties. It brings people together and means more efficiency in duties, constancy in having good health, development of self-being, and gaining more friends and social groups. Reference An Introduction to Thinking Styles [Electronic Version]. Retrieved June 2, 2007 from http://www.earthtym.net/s-general.html. Ltd., T. C. F. C. (2005). Thnking Styles [Electronic Version]. Retrieved June 2, 2007 from http://www.consultingtools.com/media/thinkingstyles.pdf. Thinking Styles [Electronic Version]. Retrieved June 2, 2007 from http://www.cognitivefitness.co.uk/.