Heart of Darkness - Outline :: essays research papers

Marlow stands on the Thames River and remarks that the land he and his comrades is standing on was once a place of darkness and an ferocious wildernessThrough nostalgia he remembers an incident from his past when he commanded a steamboat on the Congo River. He talks near the Companys fountainhead accountant who first mentions Kurtz to him.The accountant tells him that Kurtz supplies more ivory for the company than everyone else combined.Marlows interests in Kurtz is perked.Marlow discovers that the steamer he is supposed to command has been destroyed in a wreck. He meets the local manager who mentions Kurtz in conversation.He tells Marlow that Kurtz is ill and he must get to Kurtz swiftly and bring him back for medical treatment. Marlow speaks with a brick shaping machine who admires and envies Kurtz.Marlow eavesdrops on a conversation between the manager and uncle. He learns that the manager resents Kurtz.Three months pass. Marlow and a crew set sail towards Kurtzs location.Fif ty miles sooner Kurtzs station, they discover a hut bearing wood for the steamboat and message to proceed with caution.Two days later they awaken to an attack by the savages. The helmsman is killed. Kurtz blows the steamboat whistle to frighten away the savages. Dumps dead helmsmans body overboard so cannibals dont get any ideas about eating him.They arrive at the Inner Station. Greeted by a Russian that takes care of Kurtz.Through conversation with the Russian, they learn that Kurtz has not been the most upstanding and good person. Hes been abusive to the natives.Kurtz appears, carried on a stretcher. They carry Kurtz onboard the steamboat.The manager tells Marlow he disapproves of Kurtz. The Russian makes a visit to Marlow, tells him that Kurtz ordered the attack on their vas that killed their helmsman. Kurtz escapes and swims ashore. Marlow goes after him and cuts him off. They make a departure, savages show up, Marlow blows whistle and scares them away again.

Heart of Darkness - Outline :: essays research papers

Marlow stands on the Thames River and remarks that the land he and his comrades is standing on was once a role of darkness and an uncivilized wildernessThrough nostalgia he remembers an incident from his past when he commanded a steamboat on the Congo River. He talks about the alliances chief accountant who first mentions Kurtz to him.The accountant tells him that Kurtz supplies more ivory for the company than everyone else combined.Marlows interests in Kurtz is perked.Marlow discovers that the steamer he is supposed to command has been destroyed in a wreck. He meets the local manager who mentions Kurtz in conversation.He tells Marlow that Kurtz is ill and he must develop to Kurtz swiftly and bring him back for checkup treatment. Marlow speaks with a brick maker who admires and envies Kurtz.Marlow eavesdrops on a conversation between the manager and uncle. He learns that the manager resents Kurtz.Three months pass. Marlow and a crew set sail towards Kurtzs location.Fifty miles before Kurtzs station, they discover a hut bearing wood for the steamboat and message to proceed with caution.Two days later they awaken to an antiaircraft gun by the savages. The helmsman is killed. Kurtz blows the steamboat whistle to frighten away the savages. Dumps dead helmsmans body overboard so cannibals dont get any ideas about eating him.They arrive at the Inner Station. Greeted by a Russian that takes care of Kurtz.Through conversation with the Russian, they learn that Kurtz has not been the close upstanding and moral person. Hes been abusive to the natives.Kurtz appears, carried on a stretcher. They carry Kurtz onboard the steamboat.The manager tells Marlow he disapproves of Kurtz. The Russian makes a visit to Marlow, tells him that Kurtz ordered the access on their vessel that killed their helmsman. Kurtz escapes and swims ashore. Marlow goes after him and cuts him off. They make a departure, savages show up, Marlow blows whistle and scares them away again.

Sectionalism Due to Western Expansion

The Antebellum period from 1800 to 1850 marked a time of provincialism in American history. Furthermore, new territories gained during occidental expansion added to this conflict between different sections of America. Southern states wanted new striver territories, while the brotherhood wanted to contain the spread of thraldom. While Hesperian expansion contributed to growing sectional tensions between the North and South from 1800-1820, localism intensified significantly from 1820-1850. Since the turn of the nineteenth century, Western territorial expansion started to growing a sense of sectionalism throughout America.President Jefferson obtained the Louisiana purchase from Napoleon in 1803, gaining unfamiliar territory West of the Mississippi River. As Lewis and Clark explored the area, others began to populate it, soft leading to increased tensions between the North and the South. Soon an act was passed stating that territories with a certain number of inhabitants would b e added to the union as newly developed states. Furthermore, During the Adams-Onis treaty with Spain, Florida was peacefully acquired as a state in America, which also increased tension.Eli Whitneys cotton gin, and King Cotton increased the Souths dependence on slaves to sustain the supply and demand of cotton, while the North favored the containment of slavery This difference between the territories regarding slavery directly contributed to the sense of sectionalism overlap throughout the nation. However the issue of slavery would be postponed ascribable to the War of 1812, and for a while afterwards, Americas shared out sense of nationalism overpowered their shared sense of sectionalism.Around the time of 1820, Americas pride in their victory in the war of 1812 was wearing off, and the balance of nationalism and sectionalism among the nation shifted primarily due to Westward expansion. The Missouri Compromise of 1820, introduced by Henry Clay, allowed for both Maine and Misso uri to be admitted into the union on condition that Missouri became a slave state, as well as banning slavery above the thirty-sixth parallel. Any state admitted into the Union bellow this line would go down the legality of slavery for their new state, by popular reign.This temporarily maintained the balance of slave states and free states in the Union, while increasing sectionalism throughout America. Neither the North or South wanted the other section to have more states favoring their own slavery ideals, in fear of biased representation in the Senate. Furthermore, sectionalism was demonstrated by the fact that congress felt the need to implement The Gag rule This disallowed congress from discussing the issue of slavery for the next thirty historic period (while only lasting a decade).Though members of the house tried to pass the Wilmot proviso, which would ban slavery in newly acquired Mexican territories, Southerners naturally opposed this. Disagreements over how to decide the newly acquired lands position on slavery, further intensified sectionalism between the North and South. At one point the South blush tried to pass the Ostend Manifesto in an attempt to purchase Cuba from Spain, and admit it into the Union as a slave state.Although this effort failed, it strongly represents the intense sectionalism during the time As an entire portion of the country acted autonomously to secure an additional state to gain power over their Northern neighbors. Finally, the compromise of 1850 was passed, declaring popular sovereignty as the determining factor of the position of slavery among the land gained from Mexico. Moreover, this compromise enforced a fugitive slave law, allowing the South to collect runaway slaves, abolished the slave trade in Washington D. C. , and admitted California as a free state.Although Congress implemented countless compromises to secure the unionization of America, their efforts proved futile, as sectionalism prevailed and the United St ates grew closer to an inevitable Civil War. Western expansion during the first half of the nineteenth century, along with increased tensions between the North and South due to slavery, directly increased the sense of sectionalism between the two regions. The controversy over controlled land transformed the nations intense sense of nationalism into an even more intense sense of sectionalism, leading to a Civil War only fifty years later.

Philosophy Metaphysics Essay

Plato was a Greek philosopher who has written different articles and books on different subjects including poetry, politics, music, biology and zoology, physics and metaphysics and ordered books. He was and is a very important figure on western culture philosophy. He was the first and founder of who created the comprehensive philosophical system on the above mentioned subjects. His complex views on practical sciences completely shaped and gave a direction to medieval scholars, their influence expanded far well into the culture although they were by and by replaced by modern physical science.According the study his work in biology was confirmed to be perfect and accurate as early as nineteenth century and contained the earliest known formal study with logics that were transformed to modern form of study. He was also a mathematician and the founder of capital of Greece academy which was the first institution of higher learning in the western world. He was a Socrates student who was much influenced by his complex specifying. Platos sophisticated wrings eject be witnessed by reading his Socrates articles. though Plato was a lecture in his academy, none of his pedagogical dialogues is known with a proof. BibliographyEarly life The Platos remove birth date is not known, but according to ancient sources estimates that he was born in Athens approximetry amid 429 and 423 BC (Irwin,1995) He was a discussion to Ariston. Ariston traced his descent from the king of Athens, Codrus, and the king of Messenia, Melanthus. Platos mother was called Perictione, whose family had a undoubted relationship with the highest ranked and famous lawmaker of Athens and Solon the poet. Plato, Ariston and Perictione the sister to Chamides of the thirty tyrants had tether other children two sons, Adeimantus and Glaucon, and a daughter Potone.According to research conducted by ancient writers, his mother conceived through a virginal conception. Apollo the ancient Greek matinee idol app eared to Ariston in a vision, and this was a resulted why Ariston left Perictione unmolested. Another legend says that when Plato was sleeping as an infant, bees had settled on his lips a sign of the sweetness that would commingle for he would discourse philosophy. Ariston believed to possess died during the Platos early life, although the exact date of his death is hard to know.Plato used to introduce his distinguished relatives into his dialogues, or to mention them with many precision (Richard, 1993) Naming Plato was formally known as Aristocles, he was named after his grand father, his wrestling coach, Ariston of Argos, nicknamed him Platon, which was to be his future name meaning broad on account of his robust figure. Plato derived this name from the breadth of his eloquence, or else because he was very abundant across the forehead. (Eric, 2005) Socrates Plato made it correct in his apologies of Socrates that he was among the member of Socrates boylike devoted followers.I n the dialogue, Socrates name Plato as one of the corrupt youths who are close to him if he was in deed guilty of corrupting the youth, he would interrogate why his relatives did not step send on to testify against him if he really committed the crime. Plato was also fined together with Crito, Critobolus, and Apollodorus on behalf of death penalty against them. (Taylor,2001). The relationship between the Plato and the Socrates is full of problems, Aristotle tries to attributes a different doctrine with respect to the ideas of Plato and Socrates but Plato always use other people to speak in his dialogues.In another letter of Plato states that no letter of Plato will exist, this brings in a question of whether the letters believed are his are really his of from Socrates. The relationship between the Plato and Socrates is an area that that answers the scholars question. (Roy, 2001) The Metaphysics of the Phaedo This is Platos eulogy to Socrates. This recounts the last moments of Pla to and his teacher. He emphasizes that we ought to care and there is a concrete need to care for our soul for this is to live in what he called philosophically.Plato tries to bring into contrast between the changing form of life and materials. Plato n constantly gave deep description on whatever he wrote about this was referred to as Platos doctrine. Perhaps the scholars tend to think Platos way of expression on metaphysics is not complete for he does not emphasize much on the changing form and souls and metaphysics this tends to give scholars a task of trying to understand what are the set principles Platos tried to bring forward. Plato never gave a definition of anything though it could give a clear picture of what is in his mind (Mitchell,2004) Platos narrationPlato, though in his narration, he never participated as a character. He never claims that he has ever heard anything to do with his narration at first place with an exception of Socrates apology. In so me of his dialogues, there is no narrator examples of these are, Meno, Gorgias, Phaedrus, Crito, Euthyphro in other dialogues, they have been narrated by Socrates where he speaks as a first person examples of this are Lysis, Charmides, Apology, Republic. Socrates narrates to anonymous person. Platos absence in his own dialogues and character is identified as his holding his actual view.The question of why Plato distanced himself from the author ship of his own dialogues is an issue that went against the tradition of Socrates. (Edward,2007). Late life of Plato Plato the philosopher traveled to various countries world wide which include. Cyrene, Egypt, Italy and Sicily. He returned to Athens at an age of about forty. According to history, he found a school which is believed to be one of the most organized by then in western culture on a persona of land in the Hecademus Grove. It was a big school on a piece of land owned by a citizen of Athens called Academus.The academy operated until its closing at ar ound AD 529 by Justinian I of Byzantium who found the academy as a threat to Christian propagation. Many intellectuals were educated at the academy including the Aristotle. Plato died at an age of 84 in Athens. (John, 1999). Conclusion Plato set a ruler to be followed by modern scholars. His writings stand unique among other scholars for he never used himself as a character in his dialogues. Though not known why he used other people, he stands to be among the ancient greatest scholars.The establishment of the academy paved way forward for those who were ready to learn including the Aristotle. He is to be remembered as far formal education is concerned. Footnotes Plato was 84 years old at his death 37 The academy operated until its closedown at around AD 52933 The Platos exact birth date is not known, but according to ancient sources estimates that he was born in Athens approximetry between 429 and 423 BC 36 He was also a mathematician and the founder of Athens academy 23 Crito, Cri tobolus, and Apollodorus on behalf of death penalty against them 46Reference Irwin, T (1995) Platos ethics, oxford university press, ground forces Richard, K. (1993) The Cambridge companion to Plato, Cambridge university press Eric, H. (2005) preface to Plato, Belknap press Roy, J. (2001) Plato. London, Holder and stroughton Mitchell, M. (2004). The Philosopher in Platos Statesman. Parmenides Publishing Edward, M. (2007). Plato. Philosophy Insights Series. Tirril, Humanities-Ebooks. Taylor, E. (2001). Plato The Man and His Work, Dover Publications John, S. (1999). Chorology On Beginning in Platos Timaeus. Indiana University Press.

Teen Pregnancy Issues in America

Although the rate of immature come on maternal quality in the United States has declined expectantly within the past few eld, it is up to now an enormous riddle that needs to be addressed. These rates argon still blueer(prenominal) in the 1990s than they were only a decade ago. The United States youthful fecundity exceeds that of most separate industrialized nations, even though Ameri support teenrs ar no more than sex activityually active than teenagers ar in Canada or Europe. recent statistics concerning the teen birthrates be alarming. About 560,000 teenage girls give birth each year.Almost one-sixth of all births in the United States atomic number 18 to eenage women ar to teenage women. Eight in ten of these births resulted from unintended pregnancies. (Gormly 347) By the age of eighteen, one out of four teenage girls go out capture ferment pregnant. (Newman 679) Although the onset of nonplushood whitethorn befall in any teenager, some(a) teens argon at higher find for unplanned motherhood than others. jejuneagers who become knowledgeablely active at an earlier age are at a great risk primarily because infantile teenagers are little apparent to use birthcontrol.African-American and Latino teenagers are in two ways as presumable to give birth as are white teenagers. Whites are more likely to have abortions. Teenagers who come from worthless neighborhoods and attend discriminate schools are at a high risk for maternity. Also, teenagers who are doing despicablely in school and have few plans for the future are more likely to become parents than those who are doing well and have high directionsl and occupational expectations.Although the rate of teenage pregnancy is higher among low- income African-Americans and Hispanics, especially those in inner(a) city ghettoes, the twist of births to teenagers is highest among white, nonpoor young women who live in mall cities and towns. (Calhoun 309) In addition to the question of which teenagers become pregnant, interest is shown in the social consequences of early parenthood. girlish parents (mostly mothers) may uncovering that they have a lost or limited opportunity for education. (Johnson 4)The higher a womans level of education, the more likely she is to postpone espousals and childbearing. Adolescents with little training are often twice as likely as those with more education to have a baby bafore their twentieth birthday. whatever 58% of young women in he United States who receive less than a high school education give birth by the eon they are 20 years old, compared with 13% of young women who complete at least twelve years of cultivation. (Tunick 11)Teens who become pregnant during high school are more likely to drop out. Calhoun 310) A teen mother leaves school because she cannot manage the task of caring for a baby and studying, and a teen fix usually chooses a contrast over school so that he can pay bills and provide for his child. (Johnson 4) Teen mothers usually have fewer resources than former(a) mothers because they have had less time to gather avings or build up their productivity through work experience, education, or training. (Planned Parenthood 1)Because of this, teen mothers are mostly poor and are dependent on government support. Newman 679) The welfare system is usually the only support a teen parent will receive. wellbeing benefits are higher for families with absent fathers or dependent children. (Calhoun 309) In some cases, teen mothers may also receive help like Medicaid, Food Stamps, and help oneself to Families with Dependent overly educational and financial problems, teenage mothers may face a great deal f emotional strain and may become very stressed. Teen mothers may have limited social contacts and friendships because they do not have time for anything other than their baby.Lack of a social life sentence and time for herself may cause the teenage mother to become depressed or have s evere mental anxiety. (Johnson 5) Depression may become worse for a teenage mother because she usually does not know practically about child ontogenesis or about how to care for their children. Children who are natural to teenage mothers usually injure from poor parenting. (Berk 188) Also, children of teenage parents start being exually active before their peers and they are more likely to become teenage parents themselves.These children may also suffer from financial difficulties similar to that of their parents. Children whose mothers are age seventeen or younger are three times as likely as their peers to be poor, and are likely to stay poor for a longer period of time. (Calhoun 311) The children innate(p) to teenage mothers sometimes score lower on development tests than the children of senior mothers. It reckons that alternatively than declining over time, educational deficits increase in severity and the children show lower academic chievement, higher drop out rates, a nd are more likely to be held back in school. Teenage pregnancy comes with not only a child, but also many consequences.Teen mothers face greater wellness risks than older mothers, such as anemia, pregnancy induced hypertension, toxemia, premature delivery, cervical trauma, and even death. Many of these health risks are due to inadequate antenatal care and support, kinda than physical immaturity. The teenage mother is more likely to be chthonicnourished and suffer premature and prolonged labor. (Calhoun 311) The death rate from pregnancy omplications are much higher among girls who give birth under age fifteen. (Gormly 347)Poor eating habits, smoking, alcohol and drugs increase the risk of having a baby with health problems. Johnson 3) The younger the teenage mother is, the higher the chances are that she and her baby will have health problems. This is mainly due to late prenatal care (if any) and poor nutrition. (Planned Parenthood 1) An adolescent mother and her baby may not g et enough nutrients and, because the mothers body is not fully mature, she may have many complications end-to-end the duration of the pregnancy. along with the mother, the children of teenage parents too often become part of a cycle of poor health, school failure, and poverty.Infants born to teenage mothers are at a high risk of prematurity, fragile health, the need for intensive care, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and mental retardation. (Johnson 5) Low birth weight is the most immediate health problem. Babies born to teenagers are often born too small, too soon. Low birthweight babies may have immature organ systems (brain, lungs, and heart), difficulty controlling body temperature and blood scratch line levels, and a risk of dying in early infancy that is much igher than that of normal weight babies (five and one-half pounds or more). Calhoun 310) The death rate for babies whose mothers are under fifteen years of age is double that of babies whose mothers are twenty to thirty years old. (Johnson 5)Because of these extremely serious problems, many government, as well as local, organizations are fighting to stage the occurence of teenage pregnancy by helping to educate children of the risks involved and the consequences after. some(a) research indicates that the percentage of teenage birthrates has declined simply because fewer eenagers are having sexual telling and more adolescents are using cautionarys.Researchers say that the recent trends in sexual activity and contraceptive use are the result of a number of factors, including greater emphasis on abstinence, more conservative attitudes about sex, fear of contracting sexually transmitted diseases, the popularity of long-lasting birthcontrol methods such as the contraceptive implant (Norplant) and the injectable (Depo-Provera), and even because of the economy. In addition, researchers say that young people have become somewhat more conservative in their views about chance(a) ex and out-of-wedlock childbe aring.Some attribute this change in attitude mainly to concern about sexually transmitted diseases. Others say that it is because of the involvement of conservative spiritual groups in the frequent debate over sexual behavior. Many researchers believe that the strong economy and the increasing availability of jobs at minimum wage have contributed to fewer births among teenagers. (Donovan 32) Americans, however, seem to be against some of the methods used by these various organizations to deoxidise the teen pregnancy rates.The most controversial aspect of adolescent pregnancy prevention is the development movement to provide teenagers with easy access to contraceptives. Most Americans believe that giving teenagers birthcontrol pills and/or condoms is the same as telling them that early sex is allowed. Some studies that were conducted in Europe show that some clinics in Europe that distribute contraceptives to teenagers have the same sexual activity rate as in the United States. H owever, in these European studies, it is apparent that teen pregnancy, childbirth, and abortion rates areTeenage pregnancy does cause many problems for the mother, child, and economy. There are, however, some relative incidences where the mother overcomes this down-hill trend and makes a successful life for her and her child. The outcome of teenage pregnancy turns out better if the mother goes back to school after she has given birth. (Berk 190) Staying in school may help to prevent teenage mothers from having a second pregnancy. (Planned Parenthood 2) The outcome is also better if the mother continues to live with her parents so that they can help to burn the child.Young, teen mothers need health care for themselves as well as their children. An adolescent mother also needs a great deal of boost to get her to remain in school. Single teenage mothers also need job training so that they can get a good job to support themselves and their children. Teen mothers need to be taught pare nting and life-management skills and also need high quality and affordable daycare for their children. Schools that provide daycare centers on campus reduce the incidence of teenagers dropping out of school. These school programs also ecrease the likelihood that the teen mother will have more children.Because the government has begun to take save in preventing teen pregnancies, the rate has continued to decline. The large numbers of young people in Americaas well as the values, health, education, skills they gainwill greatly reach the future of society. Therefore, increased attention should be given to the well-being of adolescents. Since greater care is being given to the young people, improvements are already occuring. The level of education that young people receive is much higher than that of their parents, and he expectation that young people should obtain at least some secondary schooling is growing.The numbers of women who have a child during their teen years is declining, and recognizing the impact of childbearing on education, parents and communities are continuing to discourage sexual activity, marriage, and motherhood at a young age. (Tunick 13) These recent trends, if continued, will more than likely educate the adolescent population about the risks and consequences of teenage pregnancy and reduce the incicence of teen pregnancy and childbirth altogether.Teen Pregnancy Issues in AmericaAlthough the rate of teenage pregnancy in the United States has declined greatly within the past few years, it is still an enormous problem that needs to be addressed. These rates are still higher in the 1990s than they were only a decade ago. The United States teenage birthrate exceeds that of most other industrialized nations, even though American teenagers are no more sexually active than teenagers are in Canada or Europe. Recent statistics concerning the teen birthrates are alarming. About 560,000 teenage girls give birth each year.Almost one-sixth of all birth s in the United States are to eenage women are to teenage women. Eight in ten of these births resulted from unintended pregnancies. (Gormly 347) By the age of eighteen, one out of four teenage girls will have become pregnant. (Newman 679) Although the onset of pregnancy may occur in any teenager, some teens are at higher risk for unplanned pregnancy than others. Teenagers who become sexually active at an earlier age are at a greater risk primarily because young teenagers are less likely to use birthcontrol.African-American and Hispanic teenagers are twice as likely to give birth as are white teenagers. Whites are more likely to have abortions. Teenagers who come from poor neighborhoods and attend segregated schools are at a high risk for pregnancy. Also, teenagers who are doing poorly in school and have few plans for the future are more likely to become parents than those who are doing well and have high educationsl and occupational expectations.Although the rate of teenage pregnanc y is higher among low- income African-Americans and Hispanics, especially those in inner city ghettoes, the number of births to teenagers is highest among white, nonpoor young women who live in mall cities and towns. (Calhoun 309) In addition to the question of which teenagers become pregnant, interest is shown in the social consequences of early parenthood. Adolescent parents (mostly mothers) may find that they have a lost or limited opportunity for education. (Johnson 4)The higher a womans level of education, the more likely she is to postpone marriage and childbearing. Adolescents with little schooling are often twice as likely as those with more education to have a baby bafore their twentieth birthday. Some 58% of young women in he United States who receive less than a high school education give birth by the time they are twenty years old, compared with 13% of young women who complete at least twelve years of schooling. (Tunick 11)Teens who become pregnant during high school are more likely to drop out. Calhoun 310) A teen mother leaves school because she cannot manage the task of caring for a baby and studying, and a teen father usually chooses a job over school so that he can pay bills and provide for his child. (Johnson 4) Teen mothers usually have fewer resources than older mothers because they have had less time to gather avings or build up their productivity through work experience, education, or training. (Planned Parenthood 1)Because of this, teen mothers are generally poor and are dependent on government support. Newman 679) The welfare system is usually the only support a teen parent will receive. Welfare benefits are higher for families with absent fathers or dependent children. (Calhoun 309) In some cases, teen mothers may also receive help like Medicaid, Food Stamps, and Aid to Families with Dependent Besides educational and financial problems, teenage mothers may face a great deal f emotional strain and may become very stressed. Teen mothers may have limited social contacts and friendships because they do not have time for anything other than their baby.Lack of a social life and time for herself may cause the teenage mother to become depressed or have severe mental anxiety. (Johnson 5) Depression may become worse for a teenage mother because she usually does not know much about child development or about how to care for their children. Children who are born to teenage mothers usually suffer from poor parenting. (Berk 188) Also, children of teenage parents start being exually active before their peers and they are more likely to become teenage parents themselves.These children may also suffer from financial difficulties similar to that of their parents. Children whose mothers are age seventeen or younger are three times as likely as their peers to be poor, and are likely to stay poor for a longer period of time. (Calhoun 311) The children born to teenage mothers sometimes score lower on development tests than the childr en of older mothers. It seems that rather than declining over time, educational deficits increase in severity and the children show lower academic chievement, higher drop out rates, and are more likely to be held back in school. Teenage pregnancy comes with not only a child, but also many consequences.Teen mothers face greater health risks than older mothers, such as anemia, pregnancy induced hypertension, toxemia, premature delivery, cervical trauma, and even death. Many of these health risks are due to inadequate prenatal care and support, rather than physical immaturity. The teenage mother is more likely to be undernourished and suffer premature and prolonged labor. (Calhoun 311) The death rate from pregnancy omplications are much higher among girls who give birth under age fifteen. (Gormly 347)Poor eating habits, smoking, alcohol and drugs increase the risk of having a baby with health problems. Johnson 3) The younger the teenage mother is, the higher the chances are that she a nd her baby will have health problems. This is mainly due to late prenatal care (if any) and poor nutrition. (Planned Parenthood 1) An adolescent mother and her baby may not get enough nutrients and, because the mothers body is not fully mature, she may have many complications throughout the duration of the pregnancy. Along with the mother, the children of teenage parents too often become part of a cycle of poor health, school failure, and poverty.Infants born to teenage mothers are at a high risk of prematurity, fragile health, the need for intensive care, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and mental retardation. (Johnson 5) Low birth weight is the most immediate health problem. Babies born to teenagers are often born too small, too soon. Low birthweight babies may have immature organ systems (brain, lungs, and heart), difficulty controlling body temperature and blood sugar levels, and a risk of dying in early infancy that is much igher than that of normal weight babies (five and one-half pounds or more). Calhoun 310) The death rate for babies whose mothers are under fifteen years of age is double that of babies whose mothers are twenty to thirty years old. (Johnson 5)Because of these extremely serious problems, many government, as well as local, organizations are fighting to stop the occurence of teenage pregnancy by helping to educate children of the risks involved and the consequences after. Some research indicates that the percentage of teenage birthrates has declined simply because fewer eenagers are having sexual intercourse and more adolescents are using contraceptives.Researchers say that the recent trends in sexual activity and contraceptive use are the result of a number of factors, including greater emphasis on abstinence, more conservative attitudes about sex, fear of contracting sexually transmitted diseases, the popularity of long-lasting birthcontrol methods such as the contraceptive implant (Norplant) and the injectable (Depo-Provera), and even becau se of the economy. In addition, researchers say that young people have become somewhat more conservative in their views about casual ex and out-of-wedlock childbearing.Some attribute this change in attitude mainly to concern about sexually transmitted diseases. Others say that it is because of the involvement of conservative religious groups in the public debate over sexual behavior. Many researchers believe that the strong economy and the increasing availability of jobs at minimum wage have contributed to fewer births among teenagers. (Donovan 32) Americans, however, seem to be against some of the methods used by these various organizations to reduce the teen pregnancy rates.The most controversial aspect of adolescent pregnancy prevention is the growing movement to provide teenagers with easy access to contraceptives. Most Americans believe that giving teenagers birthcontrol pills and/or condoms is the same as telling them that early sex is allowed. Some studies that were conducte d in Europe show that some clinics in Europe that distribute contraceptives to teenagers have the same sexual activity rate as in the United States. However, in these European studies, it is apparent that teen pregnancy, childbirth, and abortion rates areTeenage pregnancy does cause many problems for the mother, child, and economy. There are, however, some incidences where the mother overcomes this down-hill trend and makes a successful life for her and her child. The outcome of teenage pregnancy turns out better if the mother goes back to school after she has given birth. (Berk 190) Staying in school may help to prevent teenage mothers from having a second pregnancy. (Planned Parenthood 2) The outcome is also better if the mother continues to live with her parents so that they can help to raise the child.Young, teen mothers need health care for themselves as well as their children. An adolescent mother also needs a great deal of encouragement to get her to remain in school. Single teenage mothers also need job training so that they can get a good job to support themselves and their children. Teen mothers need to be taught parenting and life-management skills and also need high quality and affordable daycare for their children. Schools that provide daycare centers on campus reduce the incidence of teenagers dropping out of school. These school programs also ecrease the likelihood that the teen mother will have more children.Because the government has begun to take action in preventing teen pregnancies, the rate has continued to decline. The large numbers of young people in Americaas well as the values, health, education, skills they gainwill greatly affect the future of society. Therefore, increased attention should be given to the well-being of adolescents. Since greater care is being given to the young people, improvements are already occuring. The level of education that young people receive is much higher than that of their parents, and he expectation that young people should obtain at least some secondary schooling is growing.The numbers of women who have a child during their teen years is declining, and recognizing the impact of childbearing on education, parents and communities are continuing to discourage sexual activity, marriage, and motherhood at a young age. (Tunick 13) These recent trends, if continued, will more than likely educate the adolescent population about the risks and consequences of teenage pregnancy and reduce the incicence of teen pregnancy and childbirth altogether.

The Silver Linings Playbook Chapter 8

The Dress-up DinnerRonnie finally comes to visit me in my basement and says, Im on my vogue home, so I exclusively have a few minutes.As I finish my set of bench presses, I smirk because I get by what that statement means. Veronica does non know he has come to see me, and Ronnie needs to keep it quick if he does not destiny to get caught doing something without Veronicas authority something like saying hello to his best friend, whom he has not seen for a long time.When I sit up, he says, What happened to your face?I touch my forehead. My detainment slipped yesterday, and I dropped the bar on myself.And it made your cheek all puffy like that?I shrug because I do not really want to tell him my father punched me.Man, you really have trimmed down and bulked up. I like your gym, he says, eyeballing my weight bench and Stomach Master 6000, and then he sticks out his hand. Think I could come over and work out with you?I stand, shake his hand, and say, Sure, knowing the question is o nly yet another integrity of Ronnies false promises.Listen, Im sorry I never came to see you when you were in Baltimore, but we had Emily, and well, you know how it is. But I felt like the letters kept us close. And now that youre home, we can hang out all the time, right?As if , I start to say, but then bite my tongue.As if what?Nothing.You still count Veronica hates you?I keep my mouth shut.He smiles and says, Well, if she hated you, would she be inviting you over for dinner tomorrow night?I look at Ronnie, hard to gauge whether he is serious or not.Veronicas making a big meal to welcome you home. So are you coming, or what?Sure, I say, still not believing my ears, because Ronnies promises usually do not come with specific words like tomorrow attached.Great. Be at my house at seven oclock for drinks. Dinners at eight, and its passing to be one of the wifes formal candlelit three-course meals, so wear something nice, okay? You know how Veronica is about her dress-up dinners, he says, and then hugs sweaty me, which I tolerate only because I am so shocked by Veronicas invitation. With a hand on my shoulder, Ronnie looks me in the eye and says, Man, its good to have you home, Pat.As I cod him jog up the stairs, I think about how much trash Nikki and I would talk about Ronnie and Veronica if apart time were over and Nikki was going to the dress-up dinner with me.Dress-up dinner, Nikki would say. Are we in elementary school?God, Nikki hates Veronica.

One Common Language Essay

According to an eleventh century Arab writer, Ibn-e-Hazm, in the beginning thither existed a single language given by God, thanks to which Adam was able to understand the quiddity of things. Over the chequered history of mankind, the fragmentation of this quaint tongue that existed abinitio gave rise to a multitude of diverse languages. An integration of all these, or a reversion to a single language would have several(prenominal) repercussions. The fundamental benefits of a single creation language are pragmatic. A common language would dissolve all communication barriers and increase mutual sagacity between people and the world over. Such an environment would be conducive to world peace and the end of conflicts. Economic prosperity would be facilitated as moving in partners are able to communicate freely, leading to a growth of international trade. Xenophobia and other related human fears would be eliminated as people are get together under one language.This would undermine at least some racism or ethno-centrism as societies become more egalitarian in their outlook on foreign individuals. On the cultural front, a unique tongue would make redundant the need to translate works of literature or to subtitle/nickname movies. The dissemination of knowledge and information could be done freely and in all parts of the globe, as the worlds comprehension of different cultures rises. However, there are some drawbacks of a single world language. The convenience of a single language with its resulting blandness would not make for a full life. words is more than just a communication of needs, it is a reflection of the social, historical and cultural milieu of society and is therefore a sacred institution. By restrict the modes of human expression to a single language we would be stultifying, repressing and suffocating mans desire to be creative. The limits of my language are the limits of my world, as someone once aptly noted.Also, in a manner similar to the situati on depicted in George Orwells Nineteen Eighty-four, a single language is a dangerous situation as it may put disproportionate power into the few hands controlling the medium. Although the implementation of a single language is an achievable target, the situation is bound to be transient and impossible to maintain in the long run. Cultural differences between societies transcend language. This is proved by the distinct cultures of the countries speaking the same language.Hence, although the same language, English, as spoken in Canada for instance, is dissimilar to that spoken in the United Kingdom, the United States of Australia. Also, the culture of a country may be composed of several sub-cultures each with its own language. The home of the Queens English the UK is where English, Gaelic, Welsh, Punjabi, Bengali and Urdu, all coexist. Another parapet in achieving this target of common language is political pride, which could create conflict between nations, when the choice of a dominant language is being made. In the bring down of the above discussion, I would suggest that if we are to succeed economically, socially, culturally and politically, then the world must embrace plurilinguism. The future is a multi-lingual one.